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Our most relentless health enemies and how to defeat them我們最無情的健康的敵人，以及如何擊敗他們
Free Radicals and Disease Prevention自由基和疾病預防
What You Must Know您必須知道的是什麼
David J. Lin戴維J林
Introduction by Derrick Lonsdale, MD德里克介紹代爾博士
Tomorrow's Medicine —Today明天的醫藥，今天
Cancer, heart disease, arthritis, AIDS — different diseases, with different treatments and different types of specialists ...癌症，心髒病，關節炎，艾滋病-不同的疾病，有不同的處理和不同類型的專家... yet linked in ways that science is just beginning to discover.但聯繫方式，科學才剛剛開始發現。 The common factor is the destructive particles called free-radicals, producing cell damage that can cause or worsen a whole range of medical problems — and this linkage means that one treatment approach can bring benefits all across that deadly range.常見的因素是所謂的自由粒子的破壞性自由基，產生細胞損傷，可導致或加重一系列的健康問題-這意味著一個聯繫的治療方法能夠在全帶來益處這一致命的範圍。 Fighting free-radical damage is, Dr. Derrick Lonsdale points out in the foreword, "the medicine of tomorrow."戰鬥自由基損害，德里克代爾博士指出，在前言，“藥的明天。”
One class of substances can combat and destroy dangerous free-radicals: antioxidants, found in vitamins such as C, E and beta-carotene and in minerals and enzymes.一類物質可以打擊和摧毀的危險免費自由基：抗氧化劑，發現維生素，如C，E和β-胡蘿蔔素和礦物質和酶。 David Lin shows how to use them to fight disease and maintain health, even defer and ease the effects of aging.林茂顯示了如何使用它們來防治疾病和保持健康，甚至推遲，減輕衰老的影響。
ISBN 0-87983-587-7書號0-87983-587-7
Keats Publishing, Inc.濟慈出版公司
$9.95 $ 9.95
Jacket design: Mike Stromberg夾克的設計：邁克斯特龍伯格
Printed in USA在美國印刷
FREE RADICALS AND DISEASE PREVENTION自由基和疾病預防
WHAT YOU MUST KNOW您必須知道的是什麼
DAVID J. LIN戴維J林
FOREWORD BY DERRICK LONSDALE, MD前言是德里克代爾博士
KEATS PUBLISHING, INC.濟慈出版公司
NEW CANAAN, CONNECTICUT新迦南，康涅狄格州
Free Radicals and Disease Prevention is not intended as medical advice, nor does it suggest the use of any specific drug.自由基和疾病預防不應作為醫療建議，也不建議使用任何特定藥物。
Its intention is solely informational and educational.其用意完全是宣傳和教育。
Please consult a health professional should the need for one be indicated.請諮詢衛生專業人員應需要一個標明。
FREE RADICALS AND DISEASE PREVENTION自由基和疾病預防
Copyright 1993 by David J. Lin All Rights Reserved版權所有1993年戴維J林版權所有
No part of this book may be copied or reproduced in any form without the written consent of the publisher.沒有這本書的部分，不得複製或轉載於任何形式的書面同意的出版商。
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data美國國會圖書館編目，出版物數據
Lin, David J.林，戴維J
Free radicals and disease prevention : what you must know / David J. Lin.自由基和疾病預防：你必須知道/戴維J林。
p. cm.第厘米。
Includes bibliographical references.包括參考書目。
ISBN 0-87983-587-7書號0-87983-587-7
1. 1。 Free radicals (Chemistry)— Pathophysiology.自由基（化學） -病理生理學。 2. 2。 Antioxidants.抗氧化劑。 3. 3。 Medicine, Preventive.醫學，預防。 1. 1。 Title.標題。
RB170.L55 1993 RB170.L55 1993
616.07'1—dc2O 93-2753 CIP 616.07 '1 - dc2O 93-2753總督察
Printed in the United States of America印在美國
Published by Keats Publishing, Inc.出版濟慈出版公司
27 Pine Street (Box 876) 27松樹街（盒876）
New Canaan, Connecticut 06840-0876新迦南，康涅狄格06840-0876
Table of Contents目錄
Foreword: Derrick Lonsdale, MD 7前言：德里克代爾博士7
Introduction 9導言9
What are Free Radicals? 11什麼是自由基？11
Atherosclerosis 22動脈粥樣硬化22
Heart Disease 24心髒病24
Cancer 26癌症26
AIDS 29艾滋病29
Cataracts and Skin Cancer 32白內障和皮膚癌32
Arthritis 34關節炎34
Aging 36老化36
Other Diseases 38其他疾病38
Free-Radical Fighters—the自由基戰士的
Antioxidants 39抗氧化劑39
Beta Carotene 44 β-胡蘿蔔素44
Vitamin C 48維生素C 48
Vitamin E 51維生素E 51
Selenium 55硒55
Review of Current Clinical Uses審查目前的臨床應用
of Antioxidants 58抗氧化劑58
Beyond Free Radicals 72除了自由基72
Appendices 74附錄74
Bibliography 78參考書目78
Forward轉寄
This booklet is about something that is almost certainly going to become common knowledge to the thoughtful and educated citizen of the 21st century.這本小冊子是在說，這幾乎是肯定會成為眾矢之的，以周到，教育公民，21世紀。 To discuss it in technical derail would be hopelessly confusing, like a non-mathematician trying to understand Einstein's theory of relativity in its mathematical complexity.為了在技術討論會無可救藥脫軌造成混亂，如非數學家試圖理解愛因斯坦的相對論在其數學的複雜性。 However, if we reduce this theory to its simplest concept, it teaches us that matter and energy are related.但是，如果我們降低這一理論的最簡單的概念，它告訴我們，物質和能量之間的關係。 It gives us a foundation by which we can understand the principles involved and use them in a practical way in our daily lives.它為我們提供一個基礎，使我們得以了解涉及的原則，並利用它們以實際的方式在我們的日常生活。
This is basically what David Lin has done with the complex subject of "free oxygen radicals."這基本上是什麼林茂做與複雜的議題的“氧自由基”。 Because of its complexity, it is still a difficult booklet for the average person to read and will require a good attention span.由於其複雜性，它仍然是一個困難的小冊子，對一般人看，也需要良好的注意力。 It is not light reading, but, like everything else in our lives, some effort is always required in the process of self-education.這不是光閱讀，但是，像其他一切在我們的生活，一些努力，需要經常在此過程中的自我教育。
By discussing the role of free-radicals in a large number of afflictions, Mr. Lin is making a very important comment that many different diseases are based upon a common cause.通過討論中的作用自由自由基大量的痛苦，讓林先生是一個非常重要的評論，許多不同的疾病是基於一個共同的事業。 This, to a large degree, renders the present, orthodox medical model obsolete.這在很大程度上，目前呈現的，正統的醫療模式已經過時。 Instead of "making a diagnosis" in clinical terms and then applying a descriptive title, often derived from Latin, we are going to have to face the fact that our diseases have a biochemical origin.而不是“作出診斷”在臨床上，然後在一個描述性標題，往往來自拉丁美洲，我們將不得不面對一個事實，我們的疾病有生化的來源。 Hence, correction of the biochemical abnormality becomes the key factor in addressing the nature of the disease and its treatment.因此，修正的生化異常成為關鍵因素在處理性疾病及其治療。
By a discussion of protective mechanisms, Mr. Lin has clearly pointed to the reason why a whole class of substances are known as antioxidants.通過討論保護機制，林先生已明確指出，正因為這樣，全班的物質被稱為抗氧化劑。 Many of them are vital substances which we must obtain from our diet.其中許多人是至關重要的物質，我們必須得到我們的飲食。 Thus he places emphasis on the importance of nutrition as a prime source of normal defensive mechanisms.因此，他亦強調營養的重要性作為主要來源的正常防禦機制。 He also points out how free-radicals are normal products of energy metabolism, just like sparks are a normal accompaniment of a well-established log fire.他還指出，如何自由自由基是正常的能量代謝產物，就像火花是一名普通的伴奏的一套行之有效的壁爐。 Just like the fire must be kept under control, so must free-radicals be recognized as a normal effect of metabolism, and also kept under control.就像火，必須加以控制，因此必須免費自由基被認為是正常新陳代謝的影響，也受到控制。
Mr. Lin brings much thought and clinical experience to this booklet.林先生帶來了許多思想和臨床經驗，這本小冊子。 He represents the "new breed" of physicians and researchers who are intent upon introducing sound and relatively simple answers in dealing with human disease and suffering.他代表的是“新人類”的醫生和研究人員的意圖後，誰是制定合理可行的和相對簡單的答案，在處理與人類疾病和痛苦。 The approach that lie describes is a great deal more scientific than the present methods of allopathic medicine which are used by the majority of modern physicians.該方法描述，是擺在大量的科學方法比現在的對症療法使用的藥物是由多數現代醫生。 This, like other similar works published by Keats Publishing, deals today with the medicine of tomorrow.這就像其他類似工程濟慈出版社出版，今天處理明天的藥物。
Derrick Lonsdale, MD井架代爾博士
Introduction導言
Most of us are aware that certain bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can destroy health if allowed to multiply within us.我們大多數人都知道，某些細菌，病毒，真菌和寄生蟲會破壞健康，如果允許在我們的內部繁殖。 We also know that the only protection we have is the body's natural defenses: white blood cells, macrophages, antibodies, lymphatic tissue, the thymus gland, and other immune defenses.我們也知道，只有保護我們的身體的天然防禦系統：白細胞，巨噬細胞，抗體，淋巴組織，胸腺，和其他免疫防禦系統。 However, a radically different factor in the battle to maintain health may be involved—excessive amounts of substances called free-radicals.但是，一個完全不同的因素，在戰鬥中，為了保持健康，可參與過多的物質稱為自由自由基。
For over 30 years, scientists and medical researchers have substantially increased their knowledge of excessive free-radicals and have formulated a theory: Uncontrolled free-radical processes may be critically involved in the causation and progression of numerous disease conditions, conditions which before seemed unrelated. 30多年來，科學家和醫學研究人員大大增加了他們的知識過度自由自由基，並制訂了一個理論：不受控制的自由基進程可能會進行嚴格的因果關係的參與和眾多疾病的進展情況，在條件似乎無關。 Today, research on free-radicals is one of the most exciting in nutritional science, perhaps because natural defenses against these harmful substances are very simple nutrients, enzymes, and other natural substances called the antioxidants.今天，研究自由自由基是其中一個最激動人心的營養科學，也許是因為自然防禦對這些有害物質是很簡單的營養素，酵素和其他天然物質稱為抗氧化劑。
What Are Free Radicals?什麼是自由基？
Simply described, free-radicals are molecules with electrons that are unpaired.簡單的說，自由自由基分子的電子，是未配對。
Molecules are basic building blocks in nature, such as oxygen, fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, and DNA.分子的基本組成部分的性質，如氧氣，脂肪酸，氨基酸，葡萄糖和DNA。 Molecules are held together by electrons.分子關押在一起的電子。 Stable molecules have electrons that are in pairs, like a buddy systems.穩定的分子有電子，是對，像一個好友系統。 But if a molecule has an electron that does not have a partner, it becomes unstable and reactive — a free-radical.但如果有一個電子的分子不具有的夥伴，會變得不穩定，反應- 1自由基。 It will steal an electron from a stable molecule.這將竊取的電子從一個穩定的分子。
Once the stable molecule loses an electron, it becomes another free-radical.一旦失去穩定的分子的電子，就變成另一種自由基。 This second free-radical will steal an electron from a third molecule, and a destructive cycle begins.這第二個自由基會竊取一個電子從第三分子和破壞性的循環。 Each time a molecule loses an electron, it is damaged and will damage another molecule.每次分子失去一個電子，它被破壞，會破壞其他分子。
Where Do They Come From?哪裡來？
Free-radicals come from three sources — our bodies, the environment, and free-radical chain reactions.自由自由基來自三方面-我們的身體，環境，和自由基連鎖反應。
Our bodies form free-radicals every moment.我們的身體形成自由自由基的每一刻。 Living cells need energy to live.活細胞需要能量來生存。 This energy comes from reactions involving various substances and oxygen.這種能量來自於不同的反應，涉及物質和氧氣。 During this process, intermediates of oxygen are formed, including superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.在這個過程中，中間形成的氧氣，包括超氧陰離子和羥自由基。 These intermediates are free-radicals.這些中間體是免費的自由基。 Exercise, illness, and certain medications increase oxygen-related reactions in our bodies, consequently increasing the number of free-radicals formed.運動，疾病和某些藥物增加氧有關，在我們的身體反應，從而增加旅遊自由自由基的形成。
Moreover, our immune systems specifically produce free-radicals to destroy bacteria and viruses.此外，我們的免疫系統特別製作免費自由基破壞細菌和病毒。 When we are invaded by harmful microorganisms and our immune systems work overtime, tremendous numbers of free-radicals are produced to try to overcome the infection.當我們入侵的有害微生物和免疫系統的加班，巨大數量的自由自由基生產，試圖克服感染。 During these times, controlling the excessive flood of free-radicals is vital to protect healthy tissues from damage.在這些時候，洪水控制過度的自由是至關重要的自由基，保護健康組織的損傷。
Free-radicals are also important in producing vital hormones, or chemical messengers, in the body.自由自由基也是重要的生產的重要激素，或化學信使，在體內。 Some free-radicals activate certain enzymes that produce a wide variety of substances such as prostaglandins, the body's chemical regulators.一些免費的自由基激活某些酶的產生多種多樣的物質，如前列腺素，人體的化學調節。
Clearly, free-radicals are important for health.顯然，自由自由基對健康很重要。 Without them, we would not be able to produce energy, fight off infectious agents, or produce the chemicals the body needs.沒有他們，我們將無法產生能量，對抗傳染因子，或生產的化學品的身體需要。 Thus, it is very important to understand from the beginning that free-radicals are not all bad.因此，這是非常重要的理解從一開始就自由自由基並非全是壞事。 Only excessive and uncontrolled amounts of free-radicals can damage the body.只有過度和無控制數量的自由自由基會損壞人體。
The second source of free-radicals is the environment.第二個來源自由自由基是環境。 Air pollution, tobacco smoke, excessive radiation, toxic waste and runoff, herbicides, and pesticides all form free-radicals, which we inhale or ingest.空氣污染，煙草煙霧，過量的輻射，有毒廢物和徑流，除草劑，殺蟲劑和所有形式的自由自由基，而我們吸入或攝入。 For instance, ozone is an extremely reactive air pollutant resulting from vehicle exhaust.例如，臭氧是一個十分活潑的空氣污染物來自汽車尾氣造成的。 When we breathe in ozone, it forms free-radicals in our lung tissue.當我們吸入臭氧，它形成的自由自由基在我們的肺組織。 Moreover, since blood is constantly being pumped to the lungs for oxygen, ozone-induced free-radicals may involve blood cells, diminishing the oxygen supply to the body.此外，由於血液正不斷地輸送至肺部的氧氣，臭氧誘導自由自由基可能涉及的血細胞，減少氧氣供應身體。
Many of the health woes of the past few decades may be related to the increasing use of dangerous chemicals and technologies, leading to vastly more free-radical production than was present a few generations ago.許多醫療災難過去數十年，可能與越來越多地使用危險化學品和技術，從而大大更多自由基產量比目前幾代人前。 Hopefully, the "green movement" toward cleaning and preserving our environment will result in tremendous reduction of free-radical sources in the environment, substantially decreasing chronic and acute diseases.我們希望，“綠色運動”對清潔和維護我們的環境將導致巨大的減少自由基源的環境，大大降低慢性和急性疾病。 Earth will treat us well if we treat her well.地球和對待我們，如果我們對待她很好。
Finally, as already described, free-radicals form other free-radicals in chain reactions.最後，已經描述，自由自由基形成其他自由自由基連鎖反應。 One free-radical produces a second, which produces a third, and so on.一自由基產生第二，生產第三個，依此類推。 If uncontrolled, cellular damage can result.如果不加以控制，可能會導致細胞損傷。 This domino effect is what makes free-radicals so dangerous.這種多米諾效應是什麼使自由如此危險的自由基。 Although a free-radical regains its electron by stealing it from a stable molecule, it does not regain its original form and function; it is damaged.雖然自由基恢復其因偷電從一個穩定的分子，它不會恢復其原來的形式和功能，它已損壞。 So, it's not like passing a hot potato for someone else to worry about; it's more like a spreading fire: something that is burned is never the same again.因此，它不是像傳遞一個燙手的山芋別人擔心，它更像一火燃燒：燃燒的東西是永遠不會一樣了。 Appendix A provides a more detailed explanation as to how a free-radical can initiate a chain reaction.附錄A提供了一個更詳細的解釋，如何在自由基可以啟動一個連鎖反應。
Free Radicals on the Freeway自由基的高速公路
To picture how free-radicals affect us, imagine a car on a highway.為了了解究竟自由自由基影響我們想像的汽車在高速公路上。 Suddenly, one tire rolls over a very big, sharp nail.突然，一個輪胎翻轉一個非常大的，尖銳的指甲。 POW!戰俘！ The tire blows.輪胎的打擊。 The car swerves out of control and crashes into another.我的車突然變道時失控，並墜毀到另一個。 Vehicles behind cannot stop in time, and the awful crunch of metal echoes for what seems to be forever.後面的車輛不能及時停車，和可怕的危機金屬迴聲什麼似乎永遠。 One tire blowout has caused great destruction.一個輪胎爆胎，引起極大的破壞。
The cars represent molecules in our cells, such as proteins, enzymes, fatty acids, and genetic material.代表的汽車在我們的細胞分子，如蛋白質，酶，脂肪酸，和遺傳物質。 The nail is a free-radical from reactions in the body or pollution in the environment.指甲是一種自由基的反應，身體或污染環境。 The nail damaged the first car by popping its tire.釘破壞了第一輛汽車，突然出現的輪胎。 Likewise, a free-radical can damage a molecule in our cells by stealing an electron.同樣，自由基會破壞我們的細胞分子在偷一個電子。 However, the car with the blowout immediately crashed into another, and a pileup resulted.然而，汽車的井噴立即撞向另，和堆積的結果。 So, a damaged molecule becomes a free-radical, and a chain reaction begins which may implicate many molecules.因此，損壞的分子成為自由基，並開始連鎖反應，可能牽連許多分子。
We have learned that free-radicals can be very dangerous, reactive molecules, since their electrons are unpaired.我們知道，自由的自由基是非常危險的，反應的分子，因為它們的電子被配對。 Formed in the body, the environment, and in self-induced chain reactions, excessive free-radicals may cause serious damage to health if uncontrolled.成立於人體，環境和自我引發的連鎖反應，過多的自由，自由基會造成嚴重損害健康，如果不加控制。 Their highly reactive nature call cause tremendous destruction very quickly, just as an unchecked fire call rapidly burn down ail entire city.他們的高活性大自然造成了巨大的破壞非常快，就像一個未經檢查的消防要求迅速燒毀整個城市的苦惱。 We will soon discover how rancidity, spoilage, rusting, and burning are all everyday examples of free-radicals at work.我們將很快發現如何酸敗腐爛，生鏽，燒都是日常生活中的例子自由自由基工作。
Let us first consider specifically how excessive free-radicals can damage our cells.讓我們先考慮，特別是如何過度自由自由基會破壞我們的細胞。
Damage on a Cellular Level損傷細胞水平上
Consider a healthy cell.考慮中的健康細胞。 It has membrane proteins, which act as fingerprints of the cell, so that other cells can recognize it.它膜蛋白，它作為指紋的細胞，使其他細胞能夠識別它。 There are membrane lipids, arranged in a neat bi-layer, that is, one layer's lipids face out of the cell, and one layer faces in. The membrane lipids are distinct and separate from each other, yet tightly packed in order to form the cell membrane, which is the protective coat of the cell.有膜脂，整齊排列在雙層，即一層的血脂面對出細胞，並面臨著一層膜脂英寸的是獨特和不同的彼此，但緊湊，以形成細胞膜，這是保護性塗層的細胞。 The healthy cell also has a nuclear membrane, which sets off the cell's control center, the nucleus.在健康細胞也有核膜，其中規定把細胞的控制中心，核心。 Inside the nucleus is housed vital genetic material, such as DNA, in nice, neat double helices.在細胞核內被置於重要的遺傳物質，如DNA，在漂亮，整潔的雙螺旋。 And of course, a host of other substances make up the healthy cell.當然，一台主機的其他物質組成的健康細胞。
Free-radicals can cause the following devastation:自由能導致自由基的破壞如下：
- Break off the membrane proteins, destroying a cell's identity; -暫時停止膜蛋白，破壞細胞的身份;
- Fuse together membrane lipids and membrane proteins, hardening the cell membrane and making it brittle; -融合，膜脂和膜蛋白，強化細胞膜，使之脆;
- Puncture the cell membrane, allowing bacteria and viruses easy entrance; -穿刺細胞膜，使細菌和病毒容易入口;
- Disrupt the nuclear membrane, opening up the nucleus and exposing genetic material; -破壞核膜，開放的核心和揭露的遺傳物質;
- Mutate and destroy genetic material, rewriting and destroying genetic information; -變異和破壞遺傳物質，改寫，破壞遺傳信息;
- Burden the immune system with the above havoc, plus threaten the immune system itself by undermining immune cells with similar damage. -免疫系統的負擔與上述破壞，加上威脅到自身的免疫系統破壞的免疫細胞具有類似的損害。
Appendix B lists common free-radicals and the damage they may cause.附錄B列出了常見的自由自由基和可能造成的損害。
This messy picture gets messier, because cellular damage can accumulate to become full-blown disease states.這種混亂的圖片得到凌亂，因為細胞損傷積累，成為全面的疾病狀態。 Just as one tiny nail on the freeway call cause a major catastrophe, so a free-radical can cause and worsen serious disease conditions, such as ..正如一位小釘在高速公路上呼籲造成重大災難，因此自由基會導致嚴重的疾病和環境惡化，如.. . 。
Atherosclerosis動脈粥樣硬化
Atherosclerosis is characterized by deposits of plaque on the inside of blood vessels, obstructing normal blood flow.動脈粥樣硬化的特點是存款牙菌斑在裡面的血管，阻礙正常的血液流動。
Research indicates that excessive free-radicals may start atherosclerosis by damaging blood vessel cells and lipoproteins.研究表明，過多的自由，自由基可能開始通過破壞動脈粥樣硬化血管細胞和脂蛋白。 Recall that the cell membrane around a cell is composed of lipids.回想一下，細胞膜周圍細胞脂質組成。 Lipids are especially susceptible to free-radical attack, because electrons are "looser" in lipids than in other types of molecules.血脂特別容易受到自由基攻擊，因為電子是“寬鬆”的血脂比其他類型的分子。 For the same reason, lipoproteins, the carriers of cholesterol in the blood, are also very susceptible to free-radical damage.出於同樣的原因，脂蛋白的攜帶者血液中的膽固醇，也很容易受到自由基的損害。 Responding to the damage, immune cells such as macrophages and platelets rush to envelop the affected cells.應對造成的損害，免疫細胞如巨噬細胞和血小板趕到包圍受影響的細胞。
However, these immune cells are "sticky," causing them to attach to the inside of blood vessels.但是，這些免疫細胞的“粘性”，使他們重視內部的血管。 Moreover, other particles in the blood "stick" to them, resulting over time in a massive lump of cells, a plaque.此外，其他粒子在血液“大棒”對他們造成一段時間以來大塊的細胞，一牌匾。 Damaged lipoproteins are also deposited in the plaque, along with the cholesterol they were carrying, which increases the plaque's size and stickiness.損壞的脂蛋白也存放在斑塊，隨著膽固醇他們攜帶，從而增加了斑塊的大小和粘性。 Blood flow may thus become seriously compromised, leading to heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure.血流量可能會因此而受到嚴重損害，導致心髒病，中風和高血壓。
In spite of its bad reputation, cholesterol itself may not be the cause of the heart's problems, but an innocent bystander of free-radical damage.儘管其名聲不好，膽固醇本身未必是導致心臟的問題，而是一個無辜的旁觀者的自由基損傷。 An important distinction exists between normal cholesterol and "oxidized" cholesterol, the latter having been damaged by free-radicals.一個重要的區別之間存在正常的膽固醇和“氧化”膽固醇，後者已被破壞自由自由基。 Oxidized cholesterol is concentrated in plaques, and an elevated blood level signifies that the body is losing the battle against free-radicals.氧化膽固醇集中在斑塊，以及血壓升高的水平，標誌著該機構的競爭中敗給反對自由自由基。 Normal cholesterol is a vital substance our bodies need to maintain health; it sustains the integrity of every cell and serves as the precursor to many hormones.正常膽固醇是一個重要的物質需要我們的身體保持健康，它可維持細胞的完整性和服務於每一個為先導許多激素。 Only when free-radicals damage, or oxidize, cholesterol does its presence increase the risk of heart disease.只有在自由自由基的損害，或氧化，它的存在是否膽固醇增加患心髒病的風險。 Thus, limiting dietary intake of cholesterol, though important, should not be the only concern in reducing that risk.因此，限制食物中攝取的膽固醇，雖然重要，但不應是唯一的關注，減少風險。 Efforts to reduce the presence of excessive free-radicals are certainly equally and perhaps more important.努力減少存在過度自由自由基當然同等重要，甚至更重要。
Heart Disease心髒病
The heart is the pump which propels life-giving blood to all the body's cells.心是泵，更是把賦予生命的血液，人體的所有細胞。 Just like any other part of the body, the heart needs a constant supply of blood that brings oxygen and nutrients and removes waste.就像任何其他部分身體，心臟需要不斷供應的血液帶來的氧氣和營養，並消除浪費。 The vessels supplying blood to the heart are known as coronary arteries, and any interruption of this blood supply may lead to certain forms of heart disease and affect the rest of the body.船隻的供血被稱為心臟冠狀動脈，任何中斷這個血液供應可能導致某種形式的心臟疾病，影響身體的其餘部分。
If uncontrolled free-radicals damage cells in the coronary arteries, atherosclerosis may develop and block the normal blood supply to the heart.如果不加控制的自由自由基損傷細胞的冠狀動脈粥樣硬化和阻止可能發展的正常血液供應，心臟。 Heart tissue may then become starved of what it needs to live.心臟組織就可能成為餓死了它需要的生活。 Severe pain, or angina pectoris, may result.劇烈疼痛，或心絞痛，可能的結果。 If not treated, the situation may progress and heart tissue may die.如果不治療， 情況可能取得的進展和心臟組織可能會死亡。 Death of some heart tissue decreases the heart's ability to pump blood, and the whole body suffers. 死亡的心臟組織一些降低心臟的泵血能力，整個身體受到影響。 When critical amounts of heart tissue die, the heart may stop pumping altogether, and the person experiences a heart attack, which may be fatal. 當臨界量的心臟組織死亡，心臟完全可能會停止抽水，和經驗的人心髒病發作，這可能是致命的。
Thus, the destructive domino effect of free-radical damage can lead to a heart attack.因此，破壞性的多米諾骨牌效應的自由基損傷，導致心髒病發作。 To make matters worse, free-radical generation is accelerated in dead tissues, because the defenses against them (the antioxidants) no longer function.更糟的是，自由基的生成是加速死亡組織，因為對他們的防（抗氧化劑）不再起作用。 That is why dead flesh rots so quickly.這就是為什麼死這麼快腐爛的肉。 Indeed, every one of us would quickly grow rancid if our free-radical defenses did not function.事實上，我們每個人的成長會很快，如果我們的腐臭自由基防禦系統沒有的功能。 In the case of heart disease, the free-radicals destroy even more heart tissue, and the heart becomes weaker and weaker.在案件心髒病，自由的自由基摧毀更多的心臟組織和心臟變得越來越弱。
Cancer癌症
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells, resulting in their consuming all available nutrients until healthy cells are starved to death.癌症是不受控制的生長和繁殖的細胞，導致其營養消耗所有可用的健康細胞，直至餓死。 A cancerous cell is simply a once-normal cell which can't stop growing and multiplying.阿癌細胞僅僅是一次正常的細胞，不能停止生長和繁殖。 Researchers believe much of the cause of this erratic behavior lies on a genetic level.研究人員認為，大部分的原因在於這種古怪行為在基因水平。
A normal cell contains genes which tell it when to stop growing.一個正常的細胞中包含基因，告訴它何時停止生長。 If these genes are mutated, such as by free-radical destruction, then the "stop" instruction is lost, and the cell will continue to grow without limitation.如果這些基因發生突變，如自由基的破壞，那麼“停止”指令丟失，細胞將繼續增長但不限。 The situation is similar to someone removing a stop sign so that cars continue through an intersection without concern or caution (and potential devastation).類似的情況是某人移除停止標誌，使車輛繼續通過路口，而不用擔心或警誡（和潛在的破壞）。
Another scenario may be that free-radicals turn on a gene, which then overrides any other gene's instruction to stop growing, like someone short-circuiting a traffic light to always be green.另一種情況可能是自由的自由基打開的基因，然後覆蓋任何其他基因的指示，停止生長，像一個短路的交通燈始終是綠色。 Again, the cell receives no instruction to stop growing and will continue devouring available nutrients.同樣，細胞並沒有得到指示，停止生長，並會繼續吞噬速效養分。
The cancerous cell keeps growing and then multiplies.癌變的細胞不斷增加，然後乘以。 Now there are two wildly growing cells, which eventually multiply to form four cancer cells, then eight, sixteen, thirty-two, and very quickly, millions and billions.現在有兩個瘋狂生長的細胞，最終形成4乘以癌細胞，然後8，16，32，很快，數百萬美元。 More and more nutrients are demanded by the voracious metabolism of these cells, producing enormous amounts of free-radicals, which then destroy surrounding tissues.越來越多的營養素貪婪所要求的這些細胞的新陳代謝，產生巨額的自由自由基，然後破壞周圍組織。 Soon, not enough nutrients are available and the body starves to death.不久，沒有足夠的營養，可與身體活活餓死。
In the early stages of cancer, the immune system tries to contain the proliferating mass by surrounding it with a tough, protective net.在早期階段的癌症，免疫系統的嘗試，以遏止增殖群眾包圍它與一個艱難的，防護網。 Hopefully, the cancer will thus be controlled.我們希望，癌症將因此受到控制。 However, free-radicals can destroy the protective net, allowing the cancerous mass to continue growing.然而，自由自由基能夠破壞防護網，使癌細胞群眾繼續保持增長。
Ironically, some of the modern treatments for cancer involve using drugs or radiation to destroy cancerous cells by generating huge amounts of free-radicals.諷刺的是，一些現代治療癌症包括使用藥物或輻射來破壞癌細胞的通過產生大量的自由自由基。 Unfortunately, this barrage of free-radicals will indiscriminately destroy healthy cells as well.不幸的是，這一連串的自由自由基會破壞健康細胞濫也。 As a result, the patient under this treatment may experience profound side effects, such as the loss of hair, weight, energy, immunity, and mental alertness.因此，患者在這種治療方法可能會發生深刻的副作用，如損失的頭髮，體重，能源，免疫，精神的警覺性。 Some have commented that in certain cases, chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be more deadly to the patient than the original cancer!有人評論說，在某些情況下，化療和放療可能更致命的病人比原來的癌症！
Hopefully, with a clearer understanding of how cancer starts and progresses, medical researchers will be able to help cancer patients more effectively.希望，以更清楚地了解癌症是如何開始和進步，醫學研究人員將能夠幫助癌症病人更有效。 Already, the use of the free-radical fighter nutrients, or antioxidants, has been found to alleviate many of the toxic side effects that usually occur during chemotherapy.至今為止，使用自由基戰鬥機營養物質，或抗氧化劑，已發現的，以減輕許多有毒副作用通常發生在化療。 As is true for most things, prevention is better than cure; antioxidants may help substantially reduce the risk of developing cancer in the first place, as well as other degenerative diseases.誠如大多數事情一樣，預防勝於治療，抗氧化劑可能有助於大大降低患癌症的風險擺在首位，以及其他退行性疾病。
AIDS艾滋病
AIDS is an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.艾滋病是一個縮寫，獲得性免疫缺陷綜合症。 The "acquired" represents the observation that AIDS is a disease involving an infectious agent or agents. “後天”代表觀察，艾滋病是一種傳染性疾病，涉及代理人或代理人。 Whether or not this agent is the human immunodeficiency virus may be debated; however, some agent is involved.不論這個代理人是人類免疫缺陷病毒可能會討論，但涉及一些經紀人。 The "immunodeficiency" indicates that the human immune system is in some way deficient.在“免疫”表明，人類的免疫系統在某些方面有缺陷。 In fact, the agent(s) responsible for AIDS apparently attack key immune cells, the helper T-lymphocytes, severely undermining the body's ability to defend itself.事實上，代理人（擰），負責艾滋病顯然是攻擊的主要免疫細胞，在輔助性T淋巴細胞，嚴重損害身體保衛自己的能力。 Thus, AIDS patients may die from conditions that pose no threat to those with normal immune responses.因此，艾滋病患者可能死於條件，不構成威脅，那些正常的免疫反應。 Finally, the "syndrome" means that AIDS is a condition that includes a set of symptoms which occur together.最後，“綜合症”是指艾滋病是一個條件，其中包括一組症狀，其中一起發生。
Free-radicals may play several destructive roles in AIDS.自由自由基可能起破壞性作用的幾個艾滋病。 By disrupting cell membranes, they may provide easy entrance for the AIDS virus into helper T-lymphocytes.通過破壞細胞膜，他們可能會提供方便的入口為艾滋病病毒進入輔助T淋巴細胞。 In other words, those susceptible to the AIDS virus may already have compromised immune systems due to free-radicals.換句話說，那些易受艾滋病病毒可能已經免疫系統受損，由於自由自由基。 There is some evidence that perhaps only 5% to 20% of those infected with the HIV virus actually develop full-blown AIDS, and that another 5% to 20% will not get AIDS itself but AIDS-related conditions; so that a very substantial group of those infected may remain healthy past the expected incubation period of the virus, perhaps indefinitely.有一些證據表明，可能只有5％至20％的人感染了艾滋病毒的實際開發艾滋病全面發作，而另外5％至20％不會得到艾滋病本身，而是與艾滋病有關的條件，所以這是非常可觀群體感染者可能會保持健康，過去的預期潛伏期的病毒，也許下去。 This observation strongly suggests the action of mechanisms other than a simple infective agent.這有力地表明觀察行動的機制不是一個簡單的傳染病源。
Perhaps the damaging effects of free-radicals play a role in the progression of AIDS.也許破壞作用的自由自由基發揮作用的進展艾滋病。 Moreover, by causing damage to the body elsewhere, free-radicals may increase the burden on the immune system in general, diminishing the body's ability to effectively combat bacterial and viral invaders.此外，通過對造成損害身體的其他部位，自由自由基的負擔可能會增加對免疫系統的一般，削弱人體的能力，有效地打擊侵略者細菌和病毒。
As with cancer, some modern therapies for AIDS involve drugs which generate free-radicals in an effort to kill virally infected cells.至於癌症，一些現代化的治療艾滋病藥物的產生涉及自由自由基是為了殺死病毒感染細胞。 Again, severe toxicities may develop, such as an even more diminished immune system.同樣，嚴重的不良反應可能發展，如更降低免疫系統。 Using antioxidants, the free-radical fighters, along with such therapies has been found to help reduce the toxicities.使用的抗氧化劑，自由基戰士，隨著這種治療方法已經發現，以減輕毒性。 Moreover, the antioxidants may naturally stimulate the immune system, helping AIDS patients and others suffering from disease to combat bacterial and viral infection from within.此外，抗氧化劑可以自然地刺激免疫系統，幫助艾滋病患者和患有其他疾病的防治細菌和病毒感染來自內部。
Cataracts & Skin Cancer白內障和皮膚癌
Visible light is merely a fraction of the spectrum of radiation that enters our eyes.可見光只是一小部分頻譜輻射進入我們的眼睛。 Ultraviolet radiation also enters our eyes, and due to its high energy, may easily form free-radicals in delicate eye tissues.紫外線輻射也進入我們的眼睛，由於其高能量，很容易形成自由自由基微妙的眼部組織。 The free-radicals may then damage proteins in the lens, causing them to cross-link and precipitate out as solid, opaque masses.免費的自由基可能損害蛋白質，然後在鏡頭，使他們交叉連接並沉澱出的固體，不透明的群眾。 These are called cataracts.這些被稱為白內障。
Ultraviolet radiation also forms free-radicals in the skin.紫外線輻射也形成自由自由基在皮膚。 Staying out under the sun too long may burn your skin.住在陽光下太久會燙傷你的皮膚。 Sunburn is the result of massive free-radical damage.炙是導致大量自由基損傷。 In fact, burning by fire involves the same free-radical processes: energized oxygen initiates an uncontrollable cascade of free-radicals in once stable material.事實上，燃燒的大火涉及同樣的自由基過程：帶電氧啟動無法控制的梯級自由自由基一旦穩定的材料。 Sunburn, as well as other burns, may lead to permanent tissue damage.炙，以及其他燒傷，可能導致永久性組織損傷。
Constant radiation damage to skin may cause skin proteins to link to each other and/or genetically mutate.恆輻射損傷皮膚可能引起皮膚的蛋白質相互連接和/或基因突變。 Skin cancer may then develop.皮膚癌可能隨後制定。 Because the skin covers such a large area of the body, skin cancer is particularly deadly and difficult to treat.由於皮膚覆蓋這樣大面積的身體，皮膚癌特別是致命的，難以治療。 Moreover, skin is the first line of defense against infectious agents, so when it is compromised by cancer, numerous secondary infections may rapidly take hold.此外，皮膚是第一道防線對傳染因子，因此，當它受到損害癌症，許多繼發感染可迅速把握。
For protection, be sure to wear high-quality sunglasses, which screen out damaging radiation.為了保護自己，一定要穿上高質量太陽鏡，其中剔除有害輻射。 Likewise, use sunscreen to shield the skin from radiation damage.同樣，使用防曬以保護皮膚免受輻射損傷。
Interestingly, eye fluids contain one of the greatest concentrations of free-radical fighters, the antioxidants, in the body.有趣的是，眼睛液體含有一個最大濃度自由基戰士，抗氧化劑，在體內。 Without these "inner sunglasses," our eyes would rapidly lose their function due to free-radical damage.如果沒有這些“內在的太陽鏡，”我們的眼睛會迅速失去其功能由於自由基的破壞。 Researchers have discovered that insufficient levels of antioxidants are associated with greater risks of cataracts.研究人員發現，抗氧化劑的水平不足是更大的風險與白內障。 As we shall discover, taking antioxidant supplements may help prevent and treat cataracts, cancer, and other diseases.正如我們將發現，服用抗氧化劑補品可能幫助預防和治療白內障，癌症和其他疾病。
Arthritis關節炎
The healthy joint consists of joint fluid contained in a sac, the synovial sac, which provides cushioning between bones.健康聯合組成的關節液中的囊，滑膜囊，它提供了骨頭之間的緩衝。 Arthritis can begin when excessive free-radicals in the joint fluid destroy the lining of the sac, causing loss of joint fluid and support between bones.關節炎時就可以開始過度自由自由基的關節液破壞襯砌囊，造成損失的關節液和支持兩國骨頭。 The area becomes inflamed, immune cells rush to the damaged area, and in trying to clean up the mess, produce more free-radicals.該地區變得紅腫，免疫細胞急於受損地區，試圖收拾殘局，生產更多的自由自由基。
Excessive amounts of certain biochemicals cause the inflammation and pain experienced by some arthritic patients.過量的某些生化物質引起炎症和疼痛所經歷的一些關節炎患者。 These substances include prostacyclins and leukotrienes, which are produced from a common fatty acid, arachidonic acid.這些物質包括前列環素和白三烯，這是由一個共同的脂肪酸，花生四烯酸。 Beef and other red meats contain high amounts of arachidonic acid, so eating such meats increases arachidonic acid intake which may worsen arthritic conditions.牛肉和其他紅肉含有高量的花生四烯酸，所以吃了花生四烯酸的肉類攝入量的增加有可能惡化關節炎的條件。
Antioxidants may inhibit the production of the inflammatory biochemicals from arachidonic acid.抗氧化劑可以抑制炎症生產的花生四烯酸的生化物質。 Some researchers believe that free-radical damage to cells may cause the excessive production of inflammatory substances, and antioxidants can be useful in correcting the damage.一些研究者認為，自由基對細胞的損害可能會導致過量生產的炎症物質，和抗氧化劑，可以有效糾正損害。
Aging老化
The accumulation of free-radical damage may result in aging.在積累自由基損傷可能會導致衰老。 Moreover, aging itself may be the result of the diminished ability to control free-radicals, which may increase the risk of disease.此外，老齡化本身可能結果的控制能力削弱自由自由基，這可能增加疾病的風險。 "Age spots" are actually accumulated pigments which have been damaged by free-radicals. “老人斑”實際上是積累顏料已經破壞自由自由基。 Such spots appear not only on the skin but also on organs such as the liver.出現這樣的點，不僅在皮膚上，而且對器官，如肝臟。 Some researchers monitor the size and extent of such spots to gauge the extent of aging.一些研究人員監測的規模和程度來衡量的景點老化的程度。 Thus, the association between accumulated free-radical damage and aging appears to be very real.因此，該協會與積累自由基損傷和衰老似乎是非常真實的。 Indeed, the elderly seem to be more susceptible to many of the diseases we have discussed.事實上，老年人似乎更容易受到疾病的許多我們所討論。
Recently, scientists discovered an interesting relationship between longevity and factors of aging in humans and other mammals.最近，科學家發現了一個有趣的長壽之間的關係和因素老化的人類和其他哺乳動物。 The levels of free-radical fighters (antioxidants) detected in different mammals were directly related to the species' expected life spans.水平的自由基戰士（抗氧化劑）檢測在不同的哺乳類動物，直接關係到物種的預期壽命。 The higher the levels, the longer they were expected to live.級別越高，時間越長，他們將生活。 Having the highest levels of antioxidants, humans were found to have the longest life expectancies of all mammals.具有最高水平的抗氧化劑，人類發現壽命最長的所有哺乳動物。
Antioxidant supplementation has been shown to effectively boost immune function in the elderly.補充抗氧化劑已證明能有效地增強免疫功能的老人。 Can we go a step further and increase life expectancy by controlling free-radical damage?我們可以更進一步並提高預期壽命，通過控制自由基損傷？ This is certainly an exciting possibility.這當然是一個令人興奮的可能性。 Having explored how free-radicals potentially cause many human diseases, we may reason that efforts to reduce free-radical damage will result in longer, healthier lives.經探討了如何免費自由基可能導致許多人類疾病，我們可能原因，努力減少自由基的破壞將導致長壽，更健康的生活。 Even if the maximum number of years we can live does not increase, the actual number of years we are alive and healthy may increase.即使最高年數，我們能夠生活沒有增加，實際數字裡，我們是活的，健康的可能增加。
For instance, studies suggest that the maximum number of years humans can live is 120.例如，研究表明，最高年數，人類可以活120。 Few have approached that age, and the majority become weak and ill much sooner.很少有人接近，年齡，多數變弱和虐待更快。 Perhaps by learning to control excessive free-radicals, more of us will not only be able to live to 120 years, but do so in health and strength.或許通過學習來控制過度的自由基，越來越多的人不僅能夠活到120歲，但這樣做的健康和力量。 In effect, we may be able to almost double our present life expectancy of 70 or so years and make實際上，我們也許能夠接近一倍，從目前的平均壽命70年左右，使
them healthier and more productive.他們更健康，更有效率。
Other Diseases其他疾病
Researchers are exploring the ways in which free-radicals cause and worsen many other disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, anemia, burns and subsequent infections, complications in surgery, emphysema, hypertension, inflammation, mental disabilities, muscle injury, Parkinson's disease, radiation illness, shock, sterility, and toxicities.研究人員正在探索如何使自由自由基和惡化造成許多其他疾病，如老年癡呆症，貧血，燒傷和繼發性感染，手術並發症，肺氣腫，高血壓，炎症，精神殘疾，肌肉損傷，帕金森氏症，輻射疾病，休克，不育和毒性。 The list continues to grow.這份名單繼續增長。 Moreover, the potential of antioxidant therapies continues to be tested in scientific studies all over the world.此外，潛在的抗氧化劑治療仍然是測試科學研究世界各地。 The preliminary evidence seems eery promising, although much more work needs to be done.初步證據似乎怪誕的前途，儘管還有許多工作要做。 A clearer understanding of the processes causing the disorders will hopefully provide the keys to effective treatments, and much of the solution may lie in learning how to control excessive free-radicals with antioxidants.更清楚地了解進程造成障礙可望能提供有效的治療關鍵，和許多解決辦法可能在於學習如何控制過度自由自由基的抗氧化劑。
Free-Radical Fighters - the Antioxidants自由基戰士-抗氧化劑
The free-radical defenses, the antioxidants, have been mentioned many times already.自由防禦自由基的抗氧化劑，已經說過很多次了。 They continually protect us from the destructive actions of free-radicals.他們不斷地保護我們的破壞性行動自由自由基。 Let us now focus on the four antioxidant nutrients (beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium,) that are the most promising for medical therapy.現在，讓我們的重點是四個抗氧化營養素（β-胡蘿蔔素，維生素C，維生素E和硒）是最有希望的藥物治療。
The term "antioxidants" sounds complicated, but is actually easy to understand.術語“抗氧化劑”聽起來很複雜，但實際上是很容易理解。
"Anti" means "against," and "oxidants" are reactive substances that take electrons from other substances, that is, free-radicals. “反”是指“對”和“氧化劑”的活性物質是採取電子從其他物質，即是自由自由基。
"Oxidant" comes from the word "oxygen." “氧化劑”來自單詞“氧氣”。 Leave oils and meats outside too long and they become rancid.給油和肉類以外太長，他們成為變質。 Rancidity involves oxidants in a process called oxidation, which is the reaction of oxygen with fatty acids and proteins to form free-radicals, eventually causing spoilage.酸敗涉及氧化劑這一過程被稱為氧化，這是與氧反應的脂肪酸和蛋白質組成的自由自由基，最終導致腐敗。 Rusting is another example of oxidation; oxygen reacts with iron to form a weak, flaky substance, ferrous oxide, or rust.另一個例子是生鏽氧化，氧與鐵反應形成弱，片狀物質，氧化亞鐵，或生鏽。 And we have already seen that burning is the result of free-radical reactions.我們已經看到燃燒的結果是自由基反應。 So, oxidation, rancidity, spoilage, and burning describe the same thing: free-radical destruction.因此，氧化，酸敗，變質，燒描述同一件事情：自由基的破壞。 In Fact, knowledge of free-radicals began in the 1930s when Leonor Micaelis, chemist at the Rockefeller Institute, puzzled over the reason why oils turn rancid.事實上，知識的自由自由基始於20世紀30年代時，萊昂諾爾Micaelis，化學家在洛克菲勒研究所，感到困惑的原因，轉油變質。 His discoveries were provocative at the time and spurred tremendous interest in the roles free-radicals play in life.他的發現被挑釁的時間和巨大的帶動作用的興趣自由發揮自由基生命。
Thus, an antioxidant fights damaging oxidation by neutralizing the free-radicals which cause it.因此，抗氧化劑氧化損害打鬥中和自由的自由基是導致它。 Recall that a free-radical has an unpaired electron.記得，自由基有一個未成對電子。 An antioxidant can supply the missing electron or remove an extra one to stabilize the free-radical.一種抗氧化劑可以提供丟失的電子或刪除額外的一個穩定的自由基。 The antioxidant then technically becomes a free-radical, but thanks to its structure, it is many times less reactive than the original free radical and will not damage other molecules.然後在技術上的抗氧化變成自由基，但由於其結構，這是許多倍的反應比原來的自由基，不會損害其他分子。 In terms of free-radicals, the buck stops with antioxidants.在條件自由自由基，責無旁貸的抗氧化劑。 Further biochemical processes complete the antioxidant process, and a free-radical is safely extinguished.進一步的生化過程的完整的抗氧化的過程，自由基是安全熄滅。
The analogy of the nail on the freeway can also help illustrate how antioxidants function.這個比喻的釘在高速公路上也可以幫助說明如何抗氧化劑的功能。 If a highway sweeper had swept the nail off the road before a car could run over it, then much damage would have been avoided.如果高速公路清掃車橫掃釘滑出路面汽車前可以運行了，那麼多傷害的將是可以避免的。 Or, if the cars had tires protected with impenetrable coatings, then the nail would not be able to puncture them.或者，如果他的汽車輪胎與堅不可摧的保護塗層，然後指甲就無法穿刺他們。 Antioxidants therefore function as highway sweepers and tire sealants, averting potential devastation.因此，抗氧化功能高速公路清掃車和輪胎密封劑，避免潛在的破壞。
In the body, many kinds of antioxidants protect us, including enzymes, nutrients, amino acids, proteins, and other biochemicals.在人體中，許多種抗氧化劑保護我們，包括酶，營養物質，氨基酸，蛋白質和其他生化物質。
Antioxidant Enzymes抗氧化酶
The antioxidant enzymes are synthesized in the body.抗氧化酶在體內合成。 They initiate processes which ultimately channel the excessive, damaging energies of free-radicals into producing harmless substances such as water and ordinary oxygen.他們發起流程，最終渠道過多，破壞能量的自由自由基進入生產無害的物質，例如水和普通氧氣。 These enzymes include這些酶包括
glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase.穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶，過氧化氫酶和超氧化物歧化酶。
They are produced and function in most cells of the body.他們生產和大部分細胞功能的機構。 In every sense, they are a part of us.在每一個意義上說，他們是我們的一部分。 Without their protective activity, we would quickly become, quite literally, spoiled.沒有他們的保護活動，我們將很快成為，毫不誇張，慣壞了。 In fact, the reason why dead flesh rots so quickly is that these enzymes no longer function.事實上，死亡的原因，肉腐爛如此之快，是這些酶不再起作用。
The body usually reacts to the presence of increased free-radicals by increasing antioxidant enzyme production.身體的反應通常的存在增加自由自由基增加抗氧化酶的生產。 For instance, trained athletes usually have higher levels of antioxidant enzymes than most people.舉例來說，訓練有素的運動員通常有較高水平的抗氧化酶比大多數人。 Their bodies have adjusted to deal with the extra free-radicals from the increased metabolism of strenuous exercise.他們的屍體已經調整，以應付額外的自由自由基代謝會增加，對劇烈運動。 However, the stress of the modern lifestyle and the toxic by-products of technology have increased the free-radical load we all must deal with.然而，強調現代生活方式和有毒副產品的技術，增加了自由基的負載，我們都必須處理的。 Air pollution, industrial waste, pesticide and herbicide residues, and many other sources produce free-radicals that did not plague previous generations.空氣污染，工業廢物，農藥和除草劑殘留物，以及許多其他來源產生的自由自由基是沒有上一代困擾。 Thus, the ability of our bodies to produce sufficient antioxidant enzymes may be stressed and may become insufficient.因此，我們的身體能力生產出足夠的抗氧化酶可能是強調和可能不足。
Other Antioxidants其他抗氧化劑
Other classes of antioxidant substances exist.其他類別的抗氧化物質的存在。 Synthetic antioxidants合成抗氧化劑
such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are used as pharmaceutical agents and food preservatives.如二甲基亞砜（DMSO），二丁基羥基茴香醚（BHA）和二丁基羥基甲苯（甲苯）被用作藥物的代理商和食品防腐劑。 Other natural antioxidants include sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins (eg, cysteine and glutathione), uric acid, and numerous substances derived from herbs.其他天然抗氧化劑，包括含硫氨基酸和蛋白質（如半胱氨酸和穀胱甘肽），尿酸，以及眾多的物質來自草藥。
Antioxidant Nutrients抗氧化營養素
For human supplementation, most clinical researchers use antioxidant nutrients, because these are the most practical and cost-effective choices.在人力補充，大多數的臨床研究人員使用抗氧化營養素，因為這些是最實際和符合成本效益的選擇。 The antioxidant nutrients most capable of fighting free-radicals include beta carotene (provitamin A), vitamin C, vitamin E, and the mineral selenium.抗氧化營養素的最有能力打免費自由基包括β-胡蘿蔔素（維生素A原），維生素C，維生素E和礦物質硒。
Unlike the enzymes, antioxidant nutrients are not made in the body but are richly supplied in such foods as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.不同的酶，抗氧化營養素都沒有在人體提供豐富的，但這些食品如水果，蔬菜，穀物，堅果和種子。 After being absorbed during digestion, they travel in the bloodstream and localize in all the cells and organs to neutralize free-radicals.在經過消化吸收，他們旅行的血液和本地化所有的細胞和器官，以消除自由自由基。 In the process of quenching free-radicals, antioxidant nutrients are inactivated, though some may be reactivated, and are eventually eliminated from the body.在這個過程中淬火自由自由基，抗氧化營養素的失活，但有些可能會重新啟動，並最終清除出身體。 Thus, they need to be constantly replenished through the diet, just as calories are constantly needed to sustain energy.因此，他們需要不斷通過飲食補充，正如熱量不斷持續的能源需要。
The antioxidant nutrients function together as a team to quench free-radicals, often in conjunction with other classes of antioxidants, such as the enzymes.抗氧化營養素共同發揮作用作為一個團隊，淬火自由自由基，經常聯同其他類的抗氧化劑，如酶。 One antioxidant does not function in isolation, but each is a part of intricate biochemical chains, like bucket brigades set up to put out fires caused by free-radicals.一抗氧化劑不起作用孤立，但每一個複雜的生化組成部分連鎖店，如水桶大隊成立撲滅大火所造成的自由自由基。 At the same time, each is distinct in chemical structure and nature, and functions in many specialized roles other than that of being an antioxidant.同時，在每一個不同的化學結構和性質，職能作用，在許多專業以外的其他被抗氧化劑。 Many books have been written about each one, so the following represents a simplified summary of the main benefits of the antioxidant nutrients.許多書，也有人寫每一個，所以下面是一個簡單的概述的主要優點是抗氧化營養素。
Beta Carotene (Provitamin A) β-胡蘿蔔素（維生素A原）
Beta carotene can prevent free-radical formation and inactivate existing free-radicals. β-胡蘿蔔素可以防止自由基的形成和滅活現有的自由自由基。 It can prevent free-radical formation by quenching singlet它可以防止自由基生成的淬火單
oxygen — not a free-radical itself, but a highly reactive form of oxygen that creates free-radicals by transferring excessive energy to stable molecules.氧氣-不是自由基本身，而是一個高度活性氧的形式，創造自由，自由基過多的能量轉移到穩定的分子。 Beta carotene is able to absorb and distribute this energy harmlessly through its structure. β-胡蘿蔔素能吸收和散發能量無害通過其結構。
Beta carotene is also able to directly neutralize existing free-radicals. β-胡蘿蔔素還能夠直接中和現有的自由自由基。 Researchers are still studying the mechanism by which this free-radical scavenging actually works.研究人員還在研究機制，這種自由基清除實際工作。 As we imagined in our freeway analogy, beta carotene functions as a highway sweeper that brushes a nail (free-radical) off the road before it can do damage.正如我們想像我們的高速公路的比喻，β-胡蘿蔔素的功能的公路清掃的刷子一釘（自由基）切斷道路，才能造成損害。
Organic Sunglasses有機墨鏡
In the eyes, beta carotene functions like "organic" sunglasses.在眼裡，β-胡蘿蔔素的功能就像“有機”太陽鏡。 Actual sunglasses filter out harmful radiation from the sun, which may induce free-radical damage in the eye.實際太陽鏡過濾掉有害的太陽輻射，這可能誘發自由基損傷眼睛。 Beta carotene is found in high concentration in the eyes and quenches free-radicals formed there, preventing pathogenic processes such as cataract formation. β-胡蘿蔔素存在於高濃度的眼睛和猝滅自由自由基那裡形成，防止致病過程，如白內障的形成。 Grandma was right: carrots really are good for the eyes!奶奶是正確的：胡蘿蔔真的是良好的眼睛！ Vitamin C is also important in fighting free-radicals in the eyes, and it is no coincidence that the vitamin C concentration of eye fluids is one of the highest in the body.維生素C也很重要，在戰鬥自由自由基的眼睛，這是不是巧合的維生素C濃度的眼睛是液體的最高機構。
Beta carotene is also associated with the eyes by being a source of vitamin A. It is actually composed of two vitamin A molecules. β-胡蘿蔔素也與眼睛被作為維生素A的來源，實際上是由兩個維生素A分子。 When the body is low in vitamin A, special enzymes in the liver are activated and cut the beta carotene in half, releasing two vitamin A molecules.當身體低，維生素A，特別在肝臟酶的活性，減少了一半β-胡蘿蔔素，維生素A釋放2分子。 But if vitamin A levels are sufficient, the enzymes remain inactive, and beta carotene remains whole.但是，如果維生素A的水平是足夠的，無動於衷的酶，β-胡蘿蔔素和保持整體。 Thus, beta carotene is considered a safe source of vitamin A, and high doses do not produce the toxic effects associated with excessive levels of vitamin A itself.因此，β-胡蘿蔔素被認為是安全的維生素A的來源，高劑量不產生毒性作用與過量的維生素A本身。
Because beta carotene can be stored in the fatty layers under the skin, taking large amounts over time may cause a slight orange-yellow coloration of the skin.由於β-胡蘿蔔素可以儲存在脂肪層下的皮膚，大量服用隨著時間的推移可能會導致輕微的橙黃色著色皮膚。 In fact, certain "tanning pills" include large amounts of beta carotene specifically for this effect.事實上，某些“曬黑藥丸”包括大量的β-胡蘿蔔素專門為這種效果。
Reduces Cancer Risk降低癌症風險
Beta carotene has been shown in humans to reduce the risk of certain cancers, lung cancer in particular. β-胡蘿蔔素已被證明在人類以減少某些癌症的風險，特別是肺癌。 For this reason, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) have recommended that individuals increase their consumption of foods rich in beta carotene, such as spinach, kale, carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, collards, tomatoes, red peppers, asparagus, broccoli, apricots, and other dark green, orange, or red fruits and vegetables.為此，美國國立癌症研究所（NCI）和美國農業部（USDA）的已提出建議，個人增加消費的食物含有豐富的β-胡蘿蔔素，如菠菜，甘藍，胡蘿蔔，紅薯，冬瓜，甘藍，西紅柿，紅辣椒，蘆筍，花椰菜，杏等深綠色，橙色或紅色的水果和蔬菜。
Specifically, the NCI and USDA recommend 5.2 to 6.0 mg (8,667 to 10,000 IU) of beta carotene daily.具體來說，美國國立癌症研究所和美國農業部建議5.2至6.0毫克（8667至1.0萬國際單位）的β-胡蘿蔔素每天。 Most Americans get only 1.5 mg (2,500 IU) per day.大多數美國人只能得到1.5毫克（2500國際單位）每一天。 In other words, most of us need to increase our beta carotene fourfold!換句話說，我們大多數人需要增加我們的β-胡蘿蔔素四倍！ For those who never quite grew out of their dislike for vegetables, a supplement would provide a safe, economical means to achieve the recommended levels.對於那些誰沒有完全成長起來的他們不喜歡蔬菜，補充將提供一個安全，經濟的手段來實現的建議的水平。
Only 10% to 50% of the beta carotene available from food sources is actually absorbed.只有10％至50％的β-胡蘿蔔素的食物來源，可從實際吸收。 Beta carotene is bound in tight complexes in raw foods, which prevents absorption. β-胡蘿蔔素是在緊約束物在生的食物，可防止吸收。 As little as 1% of the beta carotene in a raw carrot is absorbed by humans.低至1％的β-胡蘿蔔素的胡蘿蔔，是吸收人類。 Light cooking helps to release some of the complexes and makes more beta carotene available for absorption.輕烹調有助於釋放一些配合物，並使更多的β-胡蘿蔔素可吸收。 On the other hand, 90% to 100% of beta carotene from nutritional supplements is absorbed.另一方面，90％至100％的β-胡蘿蔔素的營養補充品的吸收。 Whether from foods or supplements, beta carotene should be ingested at the same time as other fatty foods to enhance absorption, since it is fat soluble.無論是從食物或補充劑，β-胡蘿蔔素應該攝入的同時，其他脂肪酸的食物，以加強吸收，因為它是脂溶性。 The presence of fats in the stomach will help stimulate bile and lipase to maximize fat absorption.脂肪的存在在胃將有助於刺激膽汁和脂肪最大限度地吸收脂肪。
Many other carotenes exist, such as alpha, gamma, and delta carotene.存在著許多其他胡蘿蔔素，如α，γ，胡蘿蔔素和三角洲。 Future research may find that these carotenes may be as important to health as beta carotene is.今後的研究可能會發現這些胡蘿蔔素可作為重要的健康是β-胡蘿蔔素。
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Add)維生素C（抗壞血酸添加）
Vitamin C is another highway sweeper that deactivates free-radicals.維生素C是另一個高速公路清掃車的停用免費自由基。 It works especially in the watery areas of the body, such as blood plasma, lung fluid, eye fluid, and in between cells.它工作，特別是在水鄉地區的機構，如血漿，肺液，眼睛液，並在細胞間。 Since most of the body (50% to 80%) is composed of water, vitamin C's antioxidant role is especially important.由於大多數身體（50％至80％）是由水，維生素C的抗氧化作用尤其重要。
As a vitamin, ascorbic acid prevents scurvy, a disease in which the vital cellular glue, collagen, disintegrates, resulting in widespread internal bleeding and death.作為維生素，抗壞血酸防止壞血病，這種疾病，其中重要的分子膠，膠原蛋白，分解，導致廣泛的內部出血和死亡。 Vitamin C is required to synthesize as well as maintain collagen.維生素C合成需要以及維持膠原蛋白。 Some scientists believe that cancer, atherosclerosis, and other degenerative diseases are actually manifestations of mild scurvy.一些科學家認為，癌症，動脈粥樣硬化，以及其他退行性疾病實際上表現輕度壞血病。 Vitamin C deficiency comes in degrees, they explain.維生素C缺乏症進來度，他們解釋。 Approximately 60 mg of vitamin C is needed to prevent scurvy, but that may be insufficient to provide optimal health.大約60毫克維生素C的需要，防止壞血病，但可能不足以提供最佳的健康。 Over time, the sub-optimal intake of vitamin C results in mild deficiency, resulting in increasing susceptibility to many diseases.隨著時間的推移，分最佳攝取維生素C的結果輕度不足，導致越來越多許多疾病的易感性。
Recycles Vitamin E回收維生素E
Vitamin C has the unique ability to recycle vitamin E. After vitamin E neutralizes a free-radical, it changes into an inactive form that has no antioxidant function.維生素C具有獨特的能力，回收後，維生素E維生素E中和一自由基，它改變成一個活躍形式，沒有抗氧化功能。 Vitamin C can convert the used vitamin E back to its active antioxidant form, so that it will not be excreted but will continue neutralizing free-radicals.維生素C可以轉換使用維生素E的回其抗氧化活性形式，因此它不會被排出體外，但會繼續壓制自由自由基。
Immune Enhancer免疫增強劑
Researchers have shown that vitamin C enhances immune function.研究人員發現，維生素C增強免疫功能。 It can increase white blood cell activity 100% to 300%.它可以增加白血球活性100％到300％。 It is essential for the production of the antibodies IgA, IgG, and IgM, and the infection-fighting protein C3.這是至關重要的抗體生產球蛋白IgA，IgG和IgM抗體和抗感染蛋白C3。 Other defenders supported by vitamin C include prostaglandin El, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and interferon.其他維護者支持維生素C，包括前列腺素E1，B淋巴細胞，T淋巴細胞和干擾素。 Moreover, vitamin C can directly destroy certain types of bacteria and viruses.此外，維生素C可以直接破壞某些類型的細菌和病毒。 These findings have been used to support the claim that vitamin C prevents and cures colds and flus.這些調查結果已被用於支持索賠，維生素C預防和治療感冒和流感略有相似之處。 Although no clinical study has conclusively demonstrated this, it is important to realize that most researchers have used relatively small dosages of vitamin C in comparison to the amount that is claimed to be optimal; they may not be using enough.雖然沒有確鑿的臨床研究已證明這一點，重要的是要認識到，大多數研究人員利用較少劑量的維生素C相比，該金額，自稱是最佳的，他們可能沒有使用足夠。
Animals that synthesize their own ascorbic acid produce what would be equivalent to 1000 to 2000 mg in a human being.動物自身合成維生素C生產什麼就相當於1000年至2000年毫克，一個人。 When such animals encounter stresses, such as injury, illness, or extreme temperatures, their ascorbic acid production increases as much as 100 times normal.當這種動物遇到的壓力，如受傷，疾病，或極端的溫度，其維生素C產量增加高達100倍正常。 Presumably, they require greater vitamin C protection to handle such emergencies.據推測，他們需要更多的維生素C的保護處理此類緊急情況。 Incidentally, these animals have enzymes that convert glucose, or blood sugar, into ascorbic acid.順便說一句，這些動物已經轉換酶，血糖，或血糖，同時抗壞血酸。 Humans and a few other animals do not have these enzymes and must obtain ascorbic acid from food.人類和其他一些動物沒有這些酶和抗壞血酸必須取得食品。
Most fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamin C. Citrus fruits are almost synonymous with vitamin C. Lemons were used aboard ancient sailing ships to prevent scurvy.大多數水果和蔬菜含豐富的維生素C柑橘類水果，幾乎等同於維生素C檸檬船上使用了古老的帆船，防止壞血病。 Grapefruits, oranges, tomatoes, broccoli, and peppers are other good sources.柚子，橙子，西紅柿，西蘭花，辣椒和其他良好來源。 The inner white, chewy layer of citrus fruits is especially rich in vitamin C, as well as another category of beneficial nutrients, the bioflavonoids.內部白色，嚼層，尤其是柑橘類水果含有豐富的維生素C，以及其他類別的有益營養，生物類黃酮。
Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol)維生素E（阿爾法維生素E）
Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant nutrient, which means it works in fatty areas, such as the lipids that make up the membrane around every body cell.維生素E是主要的脂溶性抗氧化營養素，這意味著它在脂肪方面工作，如脂類構成的膜在每個人體細胞。 Just as oils are susceptible to rancidity, so are cell membranes, and hence, so is every cell in the body.正如油是容易酸敗，因此，有細胞膜，因此，這樣的每一個細胞在體內。 Vitamin E can intercalate, or fit in between, the lipid molecules which make up the membrane.維生素E可閏，或適合之間，脂質分子組成的膜。
In the analogy of the nail on the highway, vitamin E is like a tough sealant that puncture-proofs the tire so the nail cannot pierce through it.在比喻的釘在公路上，像維生素E是一個艱難的密封的穿刺，證明了輪胎，所以指甲不能穿透它。 Vitamin E also scavenges free-radicals in the blood, joining beta carotene and vitamin C as free-radical highway sweepers.維生素E還清理海上自由，血液中的自由基，加入β-胡蘿蔔素和維生素C的自由基公路前往掃墓。
Moreover, vitamin E is essential to protect us against the ill effects of smog and smoke.此外，維生素E是必須保護我們反對不良影響的煙霧和煙霧。 For instance, ozone is an air pollutant, produced from nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, and unburned gasoline vapors.例如，臭氧是一種空氣污染物，產生的二氧化氮，氧和未燃汽油蒸汽。 Ozone can form free-radicals that can affect lung tissue and blood cells.臭氧形成的自由自由基可能影響肺組織和血液細胞。
Helps Reduce Risk of Many Diseases有利於降低風險的多種疾病
Vitamin E and other antioxidants have been and are being used clinically in a wide range of diseases.維生素E和其他抗氧化劑已經和正在應用於臨床，在範圍廣泛的疾病。 Although more research needs to be done, the evidence we already have shows that the roles vitamin E and other antioxidants play exceed the traditional definition of vitamins.雖然需要更多的研究工作要做，我們已經有證據表明，維生素E的作用和其他抗氧化劑發揮超出傳統定義的維生素。 Many scientists are encouraging increased intake of the antioxidants even before conclusive evidence for their benefits has been found.許多科學家是令人鼓舞的，攝入更多的抗氧化劑確鑿證據之前為他們的福利被發現。
Increasing Polyunsaturated Fats?越來越多不飽和脂肪？ Increase Vitamin E!增加維生素E！
Health professionals encourage us to substitute mono- and polyunsaturared fats for saturated fats, because the latter seem to promote cholesterol production in the body.衛生專業人員鼓勵我們以單polyunsaturared脂肪和飽和脂肪，因為後者似乎促進膽固醇在體內生產。 Polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in light cooking oils (eg, safflower, sunflower, corn, canola) and fish oils.多不飽和脂肪酸存在於輕食油（例如，紅花，向日葵，玉米，油菜）和魚油。 When you use more of these oils you need to increase vitamin E intake as well.當您使用這些油更需要增加維生素E的攝入量也。 The more unsaturated a fat is, the more it is susceptible to oxidation, and taking large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids without extra vitamin E will quickly use up the body's supply of the vitamin.越多不飽和脂肪1，就越是容易氧化，並採取大量的不飽和脂肪酸不額外補充維生素E將很快用盡身體的維生素供給。 For instance, one study found that the addition of cod-liver oil to the diet raised the vitamin E requirement about 100-fold.例如，一項研究發現，增補魚肝油向國會提出的要求，對維生素E的100倍。 Generally, 1 to 2 IU of extra vitamin E is needed for every gram of polyunsaturated fat consumed.一般來說，1至2國際單位維生素E的額外需要每克多不飽和脂肪的消耗。
Foods rich in vitamin E include wheat germ, soybeans, alfalfa, lima beans, sweet potatoes, almonds, pecans, walnuts, peanuts, and other nuts.食品含有豐富的維生素E，包括小麥胚芽，大豆，苜蓿，利馬豆，紅薯，杏仁，胡桃，核桃，花生和其他堅果。 Nuts and seeds have a high fat content as well, so that increasing consumption of these foods for their vitamin E content will greatly increase the number of calories in the diet.堅果和種子具有較高的脂肪含量一樣，所以，增加消費對這些食物的維生素E含量將大大增加多少熱量的飲食。 For instance, a diet providing 400 IU from food sources may add several thousand calories to the diet, which will be converted to body fat if not burned off.例如，400個國際單位的飲食從食物可能會增加數千熱量的飲食，這將被轉換為脂肪，如果不燒。 Thus for vitamin E, supplementation seems more practical and economical to reach the amounts at which beneficial effects are being found.因此，對於維生素E補充劑似乎更實際和節約的金額達到上的有利影響被發現。 When choosing supplements, you should realize the difference between vitamin E from natural versus synthetic sources.當選擇補充，你應該明白的區別天然維生素E與合成來源。
Natural Superior to Synthetic自然優於合成
Vitamin E is an exception to the rule that natural and synthetic vitamins are identical in form and activity.維生素E是一個例外規則，天然及合成維生素是相同的形式和活動。 Natural-source vitamin E (D-alpha tocopherol) consists of only one isomer, while synthetic vitamin E (DL-alpha tocopherol) has eight isomers, only one of which is identical to the one found in nature.天然源維生素E（四-α生育酚）只包含一個異構體，而合成維生素E（消旋-α生育酚）有8個同分異構體，其中只有一個是相同的，在被發現的性質。 Studies show that natural-source vitamin E is significantly more bioactive and bioavailable than its synthetic version.研究表明，天然源維生素E更是顯著的生物利用活性比合成的版本。
For instance, 1 mg of D-alpha tocopheryl acetate (natural-source) has a biological activity of 1.36 IU, while the same amount of DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (synthetic) has a value of only 1.00 IU.例如，1毫克的D -α生育酚醋酸酯（天然源）具有生物活性的1.36國際單位，而同樣數量的DL -α生育酚醋酸酯（合成）有一個價值只有1.00國際單位。 Thus, an equal amount of natural-source vitamin E is 36% more bioactive than the synthetic.因此，同等數量的自然源維生素E的36％以上生物活性比合成。 If the comparison ended there, a simple solution would be to administer more synthetic vitamin E to match the IU activity of natural source vitamin E. However, further research has revealed that natural-source vitamin E is retained in the body longer than synthetic; it has a longer bioactive life.如果比較有結束，一個簡單的解決辦法是將管理更多的合成維生素E，以配合國際單位的活動天然維生素E的來源，但進一步的研究顯示，自然源維生素E是人體中保留的時間比合成，它具有更長的生物活性的生活。
These observations have led some researchers to theorize that the seven non-natural isomers in synthetic vitamin E interfere with the one natural isomer.這些意見使一些研究人員推論說，在7個非天然異構體的合成維生素E干預一個天然異構體。 Hence, for maximum antioxidant value, choose products providing vitamin E from completely natural sources.因此，最大抗氧化劑的價值，選擇產品提供了維生素E，從完全的自然來源。 Economically and practically, natural-source vitamin E appears superior.經濟又實用的，自然源維生素E似乎優越。
In relation to other nutrients, vitamin E protects vitamin A from destruction in the body and works together with the mineral selenium.與其他營養物質，維生素E，維生素A的保護破壞，身體和工程連同礦物硒。
SELENIUM硒
Selenium is one of the ten essential trace minerals.硒是一種必需微量元素的10礦物質。 It is a vital component of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid glutathione peroxidase, which neutralize harmful hydrogen peroxide molecules within and between cells.這是一個重要的組成部分酶穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶和磷脂穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶，它抵消有害的過氧化氫分子和細胞間內。 People deficient in selenium exhibit reduced activity of these enzymes.人們在硒缺乏表現降低了這些酶的活性。 Also, selenium is itself a potent antioxidant and acts in concert with vitamin E, in many cases against the same type of free-radicals.此外，硒本身就是一種有效的抗氧化劑和行為協同維生素E，在許多情況下對同一類型的自由自由基。
Vital for Health對健康至關重要
Supplementation with selenium enhances the immune system, offering protection against cancer.補充硒增強免疫系統，提供保護，防癌。 A study in the United States and Canada found that populations living on land that had higher selenium contents of soil and crops experienced fewer deaths from cancer.一項研究在美國和加拿大發現的人口生活在土地硒含量較高的土壤和作物的種植從癌症死亡的人數減少。 Numerous animal experiments show that selenium supplementation can significantly reduce cancer risk.許多動物實驗表明，補充硒可以顯著降低癌症的風險。
Selenium is also vital in maintaining the elasticity of body tissues, perhaps by helping to prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that help keep tissues supple.硒也至關重要，維持身體組織彈性，也許有助於防止氧化的不飽和脂肪酸，幫助組織保持柔軟。 A deficiency of selenium has been shown to trigger blood clots, which could initiate heart attacks and strokes.硒缺乏症已被證實引發血栓，這可能發起心髒病發作和中風。 Also, selenium seems to be required to maintain proper muscle mass and tone.此外，硒似乎必須維持適當的肌肉和語調。 Without selenium, the heart collapses into a flat, flaccid sheet of tissue, devoid of fiber and muscle.沒有硒，心臟收縮到一個單位，弛緩性負債表的組織，缺乏纖維和肌肉。
Foods rich in selenium include seafood, liver, cashews, peanuts, wheat germ, brown rice, broccoli, barley, bran, and brewer's yeast.富含硒的食物包括海鮮，肝臟，腰果，花生，小麥胚芽，糙米，花椰菜，大麥，麩皮，以及啤酒酵母。 Selenium-poor soil, however, produces selenium-poor crops.硒土壤貧瘠，但是，生產硒窮人的作物。 Animals grazed on soil low in selenium or fed selenium-poor feed also become deficient in the mineral.放牧對土壤動物在低硒或硒餵養扶貧飼料也顯得不足的礦產。 For instance, cattle and sheep raised in New Zealand, where soils may be low in selenium, have developed muscle degeneration and heart failure.例如，牛，羊在新西蘭提出的，在土壤中可低硒，發展肌肉退化和心臟衰竭。 Moreover, the intake of selenium of the general population of New Zealand is much less than that of people in other countries such as the United States.此外，攝入的硒總人口的新西蘭遠低於這樣的人在其他國家，例如美國。 Thus, in choosing foods for selenium, you should consider where they were grown or raised.因此，在選擇食物的硒，你應該考慮他們在那裡種植或提高。
The recommended daily requirement of 50-70 mcg of selenium has been established.推薦的每日需要量為50-70微克硒已經建立。 Notice that this figure is in micrograms, a very, tiny amount.請注意，這個數字是在微克，一個非常小的數額。 One microgram is 1000 times less than one milligram.一微克的1000倍不足1毫克。 Thus, selenium is a trace mineral, because it is needed only in trace amounts.因此，硒是一種微量元素，因為它是只需要在痕量。 The average American diet provides about 50 mcg per day.美國人平均飲食提供大約50微克每天。 No one should take more than 1000 mcg of selenium a day, due to the potential for adverse effects.任何人都不應採取超過1000微克硒的一天，由於潛在的不利影響。
More Is Not Better更多的是不是更好
Studies on selenium toxicity (selenosis) have been done mostly on animals.研究硒的毒性（硒中毒）已完成大部分的動物。 Inorganic salts, such as sodium selenite, appear to be the most potentially toxic in high doses.無機鹽，如亞硒酸鈉，似乎是最可能有毒的高劑量。 Only recently have human cases of selenosis from dietary sources been documented in China.直到最近，人權案件硒中毒的食物來源都記載了中國。 The most common symptoms were hair and nail loss.最常見的症狀是頭髮和指甲的損失。 However, these symptoms resulted from selenium intakes far exceeding what is recommended for health.然而，這些症狀是由於硒的攝入量遠遠超過了什麼是健康的建議。 A lot of any good thing may not be better!還有很多的任何一件好事未必會更好！
Appendix C summarizes the principal roles of the four main antioxidant nutrients.附錄C總結了主要作用的四個主要抗氧化營養素。
Review of Current Clinical Uses of Antioxidants審查目前臨床應用的抗氧化劑
Let us now consider the latest clinical studies using antioxidant nutrients in treating many kinds of disorders.讓我們現在考慮的最新臨床研究使用抗氧化營養素在治療許多種疾病。 These studies represent the application and confirmation of theory, and the results are exciting.這些研究代表了應用和確認的理論，結果是令人振奮的。 Hundreds of other studies have been done, are currently in progress, or are being prepared.數以百計的其他研究工作已經完成，目前正在進行或正在準備。 Major newspapers are giving front-page coverage to the results of some of them.主要報紙給頭版報導的結果，其中的一些。 Keep an eye and car out for the most current news.保持眼睛和汽車為最新的消息。 In terms of nutritional science, today is a very exciting time to be alive.在營養科學方面的，今天是一個非常令人激動的時刻還活著。
Antioxidants Reduce Free-Radical Levels in the Blood抗氧化劑減少自由基水平的血
Does taking antioxidant vitamins actually reduce free-radical levels in the blood?是否服用抗氧化維生素反而會降低自由基水平的血？ The following study offers impressive substantiation.下面的研究提供了令人印象深刻的證據。
One hundred subjects 60 to 100 years of-age were separated into three groups. 100課題60至100年，年齡分成三組。 One group, was given 200 IU vitamin E daily, another group, 400 mg vitamin C, and the third, both antioxidant vitamins.第一組，給予200國際單位維生素E每天，另一組，400毫克維生素C，第三，既抗氧化維生素。 After four months, significant decreases of free-radicals in the blood could be detected:經過4個月，顯著下跌的自由，血液中的自由基可以發現：
vitamin E group: 14% decrease;維生素E組：14％的跌幅;
vitamin C group: 8% decrease;維生素C組：8％的跌幅;
both vitamins E & C group: 20% decrease.同時維生素E＆C組：20％的跌幅。
After 12 months of daily supplementation, the blood free-radical levels decreased even more:經過12個月的每日補充，血液中自由基水平降低更：
vitamin E group: 26% decrease;維生素E組：26％的跌幅;
vitamin C group: 13% decrease;維生素C組：13％的跌幅;
both vitamins E & C group: 25% decrease.同時維生素E＆C組：25％的跌幅。
The researchers concluded that supplementation of vitamins E and C, even at small doses, decreased blood free-radical levels in elderly subjects.研究人員認為補充維生素E和C，甚至在小劑量，降低血自由基水平的老人科目。
Wartanowicz, M., et al. Wartanowicz，米等。 The effect of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on the serum lipid peroxide level in elderly people.影響α-維生素E和維生素C對血清脂質過氧化物水平的老人。 Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.紀事營養和代謝。 1984; 28:186-191. 1984; 28:186-191。
Increasing Antioxidant Protection in Aging增加中老年抗氧化保護
Blood levels of free-radicals apparently increase with age.血液中的自由自由基明顯增加，隨著年齡。 Moreover, the lower the levels of vitamin E and C, the higher the levels of free-radicals.此外，較低水平的維生素E和C，較高水平的自由自由基。 In a study, elderly women ages 60 to 100 took 200 IU vitamin E or 400 mg vitamin C for two years.在研究中，老年婦女年齡60至100需要200個國際單位的維生素E或400毫克維生素C，為期兩年。 In vitamin E-supplemented subjects, the average free-radical levels in the blood decreased by 20%, while vitamin C-supplemented subjects enjoyed all average decrease of 11%.在維生素E補充科目，平均自由基水平的血液減少了20％，而維生素C，補充享有所有科目平均下降了11％。
The researchers concluded, "The obtained data suggest that vitamin C and vitamin E may beneficially influence some processes of aging."研究人員總結道：“獲得的數據表明，維生素C和維生素E可益影響衰老的一些過程。”
Ziemlanski, S., et al. Ziemlanski，美國，等。 The effect of two-year supplementation with ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol on lipid, hematological and vitamin state in elderly women.其效果為期兩年的補充與抗壞血酸和阿爾法維生素E對血脂，血液和維生素狀態老年婦女。 International Metabolism.國際代謝。 1984; 13:7-14. 1984年，13:7-14。
Antioxidants Enhance Immunity in Hospitalized Elderly增強免疫力的抗氧化劑住院老人
Many antioxidant vitamins enhance the immune system to help the body cope with unhealthy invaders.許多抗氧化劑維生素加強免疫系統，幫助身體應付不健康的侵略者。 The elderly are particularly susceptible to immune deficiencies, and thus may benefit tremendously by taking antioxidant nutrients.老人特別容易免疫缺陷，因而可大大受益，採取抗氧化營養素。
In a controlled trial, 30 elderly patients who had been hospitalized for several months were randomly separated into two groups.在對照試驗，30年老病人誰曾住院數月，隨機分為兩組。 One group received 8000 IU of vitamin A, 100 mg of vitamin C, and 50 mg of vitamin E, while the other group received a placebo.其中一組獲得8000國際單位的維生素A，100毫克的維生素C和50毫克的維生素E，而另一組服用安慰劑。 No significant differences in nutritional status between the two groups existed at the start of the study.無顯著差異，在營養狀況，兩組間存在著在開始研究。
After 28 days of supplementation, the group receiving the antioxidant vitamins exhibited significant immune function improvements, including an increase in the absolute number of immune cells (T cells and T4 subsets), T4 to T8 ratio (a measure of immune strength), and immune cell activity.經過28天的補充，該集團獲得的抗氧化維生素展出免疫功能顯著改善，包括增加的絕對數量的免疫細胞（T細胞亞群和T4），T4為T8比率（一衡量免疫強度），及免疫細胞活性。 In contrast, the group receiving placebo experienced no improvement in immune functions.相比之下，安慰劑組沒有遇到改善免疫功能。
The researchers concluded: "Our results suggest that supplementation with physiological doses of vitamins A, C and E in combination can improve cell-mediated immunity. Further studies are required to see whether such benefits are maintained with long-term vitamin supplementation and whether they are associated with any reduction in morbidity among long-stay patients."研究人員得出結論：“我們的研究結果表明，補充生理劑量的維生素A，C和E結合可以提高細胞免疫功能。進一步研究才能看到這些好處是否保持長期維生素補充劑，以及是否與任何減少發病率長期住院。“
Penn, ND, et al.賓夕法尼亞，禁毒等。 The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function ill elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial.其效果與飲食補充維生素A，C和E對細胞免疫功能的虐待老人長期療養的病人：隨機對照試驗。 Age and Aging.年齡與衰老。 1991; 20:169-174. 1991; 20:169-174。
Antioxidants Enhance Immunity in Healthy Elderly抗氧化劑增強免疫力的健康老人
Thirty-four healthy adults 60 years of age or older resided in a nutrition research unit at Tufts University for 30 days. 34名健康的成年人60歲以上居住在營養學研究單位在塔夫茨大學30天。 They were given either 800 IU vitamin E or a placebo each day, along with a carefully controlled diet supplying the US recommended daily allowances of all nutrients.他們分別獲得總參謀部800國際單位維生素E或安慰劑，每天，伴隨著謹慎控制飲食供應，美國建議的每日津貼的所有營養。
The results of the study indicated that those who received vitamin E showed an increased level of vitamin E in certain white blood cells, enhanced immune system response, and reduced production of prostaglandin E2, which inhibits immune responses.結果研究表明，那些誰獲得維生素E則有增加維生素E的水平，在某些白血球，增強免疫系統的反應，並降低生產前列腺素E2，可以抑制免疫反應。 Those who received a placebo did not experience these benefits.那些接受安慰劑誰沒有經歷過這些好處。
The researchers concluded very positively, "It is encouraging to note that a single nutrient can enhance immune responsiveness in healthy elderly subjects consuming the recommended amounts of all nutrients. This is especially significant because dietary intervention represents the most practical approach for delaying or reversing the rate of decline of immune function with age."研究人員認為非常積極，“我們很高興地注意到，一個單一的營養可以增強機體的免疫反應在老年健康消費的建議賠償額的所有營養。這一點尤其重要，因為膳食干預是最實際的做法拖延或扭轉率下降的免疫功能隨著年齡的。“
Meydani, SN, et a].梅達尼，錫，等1]。 Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects.補充維生素E增強細胞免疫老年健康。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1990; 52:557-563. 1990; 52:557-563。
Antioxidants and Lifespan in Mammals抗氧化劑在哺乳動物和壽命
In a series of studies, researchers measured the level of various antioxidants (carotenes, vitamin E, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase) in several species of mammals.在一系列研究中，研究人員測量了各種抗氧化劑的水平（胡蘿蔔素，維生素E，維生素C，超氧化物歧化酶），在若干種哺乳動物。 An interesting relationship was observed: the higher the level of antioxidants in a particular species of mammals, the longer was the expected lifespan for that species.一個有趣的關係，發現：在較高的水平的抗氧化劑在一個特定種哺乳動物，較預期壽命是該物種。 For instance, humans had the highest levels of antioxidants, as well as the longest lifespan of all mammals.例如，人類有最高水平的抗氧化劑，以及壽命最長的哺乳動物。 Horses were found to have roughly half the levels of antioxidants of humans, and their expected lifespan is about half that of humans.馬被發現有大約一半的抗氧化劑水平的人，他們的預期壽命大約一半的人類。 Mice and rats had the lowest levels of antioxidants, and also have the shortest expected lifespans.小鼠和大鼠有最低水平的抗氧化劑，也有預期壽命最短。
The results suggest that free-radicals play an important role in the process of aging and that sufficient levels of antioxidants are required to prevent premature aging and diseases related to aging.結果表明，自由自由基發揮了重要作用，在老化過程，以及有足夠的抗氧化劑水平的需要，以防止過早衰老和疾病相關的老化。 In short, the better an animal is able to fight free-radicals, the longer its life expectancy.總之，更好的動物能夠打免費自由基，較長的壽命。
The researchers conclude, "The antioxidant status of an individual could be important in determining frequency of age-dependent diseases and duration of general health maintenance."研究人員得出結論說：“抗氧化狀態的一個重要的個人可在確定的頻率年齡依賴性疾病和持續時間一般健康的維護。”
Cutler, RG Antioxidants and aging.卡特勒的RG抗氧化劑和老化。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991; 53:373S-379S. 1991; 53:373第S - 379S。
Taking Antioxidants Reduces Risk of Coronary Heart Disease抗氧化劑可降低風險，以冠心病
The Harvard School of Public Health recently completed the Nurses Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, which followed 87,245 US female nurses for 8 years and 45,720 male health professionals for 4 years.哈佛公共衛生學院最近完成的護士健康研究與健康職業跟踪研究，隨後87245美國女護士為8年，45720名男性醫務專業人員為4年。 In both groups, those who took the highest amounts of vitamin E experienced a statistically significant 32% to 34% reduction in risk for coronary heart disease.在這兩個群體中，誰參加的最高數量的維生素E經歷了顯著32％至34％的風險減少冠心病。 Moreover, vitamin supplements were identified to be the primary sources of vitamin E intake.此外，補充維生素被確定為主要來源，維生素E的攝入量。
The study showed several interesting points:該研究顯示了一些有趣的問題：
- Vitamin E's protective effect was found in those using supplements of 100 IU or more daily. -維生素E的保護作用被發現在那些使用補充100國際單位或更多的日常。
- Those whose intake of vitamin E came solely from food did not experience the protective effect. -那些攝入維生素E的食物來只從沒有經歷過的保護作用。
- The protective effect was enjoyed by those who took vitamin E for two or more years. -在保護作用享有那些誰在服用維生素E的兩年或兩年以上。
Stampfer, MJ, et al.施坦普費爾，兆焦耳，等。 Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women.維生素E消費和冠心病風險的婦女。 New England Journal of Medicine.新英格蘭醫學雜誌。 1993; 328:1444-1449. 1993; 328:1444-1449。
Rimm, EB, et al.瑞姆，電子束，等。 Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.維生素E消費和風險冠心病男性。 New England Journal of Medicine.新英格蘭醫學雜誌。 1993; 328:1450-1456. 1993; 328:1450-1456。
Antioxidants vs. Heart Disease Death抗氧化劑與心髒病死亡率
A World Health Organization study of middle-aged men from 16 European study populations found low blood levels of vitamin E to be the main risk factor for death from ischemic heart disease, more than high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, the traditional risk factors.根據世界衛生組織的研究中年男子從16個歐洲研究人群中發現，低血糖水平的維生素E是主要的風險因素進行死於缺血性心髒病，超過高血壓，高膽固醇，傳統的危險因素。 Quote: "The cross-cultural differences of ischemic heart disease mortality are primarily attributable to plasma status of vitamin E, which might have protective functions."引述：“跨文化差異對缺血性心髒病的死亡率，主要是因為等離子狀態的維生素E，可能有保護功能。”
Gey, K., et al.蓋伊，光，等。 Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology.呈負相關血漿維生素E和死亡率在缺血性心髒病的跨文化流行病學。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991; 53:326S-334S. 1991; 53:326第S - 334S。
Antioxidants vs. Angina Pectoris抗氧化劑與心絞痛
The relationship between risk of angina pectoris and blood levels of vitamins A, C, E, and carotene was studied in 504 men.風險之間的關係心絞痛和血液中維生素A，C，E和胡蘿蔔素，研究了504人。 Low levels of vitamins C, E, and carotenes were found to be significant factors in increased risk of angina pectoris, or heart pain.水平低的維生素C，E和胡蘿蔔素被發現的重要因素，在風險增加心絞痛，或心臟疼痛。 The relationship was especially strong for low levels of vitamin E. The researchers suggest that populations with high coronary heart disease incidence may benefit from diets rich in antioxidants, especially vitamin E.這種關係是強有力的，尤其是低層次的維生素E研究人員認為，人口的高冠心病的發病率可能會受益於飲食豐富的抗氧化劑，特別是維生素E
Riemersma, RA, et al. Riemersma，機關等。 Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E, and carotene.心絞痛的風險和血漿濃度的維生素A，C，E和胡蘿蔔素。 Lancet.柳葉刀。 1991; 337:1-5. 1991年，337:1-5。
Antioxidants vs. Atherosclerosis抗氧化劑與動脈粥樣硬化
Researchers at the Erasmus University Medical School in The Netherlands compared blood levels of vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with atherosclerosis.研究人員在伊拉斯謨大學醫學院在荷蘭相比，血液中維生素E，硒，以及多不飽和脂肪酸與動脈粥樣硬化患者。 In all cases, low levels of selenium were found.在所有情況下，低層次的硒被發現。 The ratios of selenium to various polyunsaturated fatty acids were also low, especially in those with low vitamin E levels.硒的比例各不飽和脂肪酸也較低，特別是在那些低維生素E的水平。
The researchers believe that high blood levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids without sufficient antioxidant protection increase the risk for developing atherosclerosis.研究人員認為，血液中高不飽和脂肪酸沒有足夠的抗氧化保護的風險增加動脈粥樣硬化的發展。
Kok F., et al.角號等。 Do antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a combined association with coronary atherosclerosis?做抗氧化劑和多不飽和脂肪酸協會合併冠狀動脈粥樣硬化？ Atherosclerosis.動脈粥樣硬化。 1991; 86:85-90. 1991; 86:85-90。
Antioxidants Protect Heart During Heart Surgery抗氧化劑在保護心臟心臟手術
During open heart surgery, blood is purposely diverted from the heart to reduce bleeding.心內直視手術期間，血液是故意轉移了心，以減少出血。 When blood flow is restored to the heart, researchers have observed a surge of free-radical production in heart tissue.當血流恢復心臟，研究人員已經發現迅速增加的自由基心臟組織生產。 Heart muscle cells can undergo tremendous structural damage as a result.心臟肌肉細胞可以發生巨大的結構性破壞，結果。 Antioxidant supplementation before heart surgery can provide effective protection from such free-radical induced damage.補充抗氧化劑的心臟手術之前，可以提供有效的保護，這種自由基損傷。
Five days before undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, 16 patients took 100,000 IU vitamin A and 400 IU vitamin E daily. 5天前接受冠狀動脈搭橋手術，16例發生10.0萬國際單位的維生素A和400國際單位維生素E每天。 Another group of patients did not receive any antioxidant supplementation.另一組患者沒有得到任何抗氧化劑的補充。
Researchers took biopsy samples of heart tissue before diverting blood away from the heart and after blood flow was restored.研究人員活檢組織樣本的心臟血液轉移之前，離心臟血流後恢復。 The results showed that free-radical processes decreased in samples of those who took antioxidants, but increased in samples of those who did not take antioxidants.結果表明，自由基過程樣品下跌了那些誰抗氧化劑，但增加對這些樣品中誰沒有參加抗氧化劑。
The evidence strongly suggests that antioxidant vitamins A and E effectively reduce free-radical processes in heart cells of patients needing open heart surgery, thus protecting the heart during such trauma.證據有力地表明，抗氧化劑維生素A和E有效地減少自由基心臟細胞過程中需要的病人心內直視手術，從而保護心臟在這樣的創傷。
Ferreira, RF, et al.費雷拉，射頻等。 Antioxidant action of vitamins A and E in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery.抗氧化作用的維生素A和E提交給患者冠狀動脈搭橋手術。 Vascular Surgery.血管外科。 1991; 25:191-195. 1991; 25:191-195。
Antioxidants Reduce Platelet Stickiness抗氧化劑減少血小板粘性
Platelets are cells in the blood responsible for clotting.血小板是血液中的細胞負責凝血。 Without them, a minor cut or bruise would result in massive bleeding and rapid death.沒有他們，出現了輕微劃傷或擦傷會導致大量出血，迅速死亡。 However, if platelets become too sticky and clot abnormally inside healthy blood vessels, the clots can obstruct blood flow, starving body tissues of oxygen and food.但是，如果變得太粘血小板凝塊的健康異常血管內的血栓也阻擋不了的血流量，飢餓的身體組織的氧氣和食物。 If those tissues are in the heart, heart disease may result.如果這些組織是在心臟，可能會導致心臟疾病。 If they are in the brain, strokes may occur.如果它們在大腦中，可能會出現中風。
In theory, a deficiency of antioxidants may cause platelets in the blood to stick together (aggregate).從理論上講，A缺乏症的抗氧化劑可能會導致血液中的血小板的粘在一起（合計）。 Supplementation with antioxidant nutrients was found to reduce platelet stickiness, thus potentially decreasing the risk of such ailments as atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke.補充抗氧化營養素與發現，以減少血小板的粘性，從而有可能減少的風險，如動脈粥樣硬化等疾病，心髒病和中風。
In a carefully controlled study, 78 men were randomly assigned to receive either a daily antioxidant supplement (45,000 IU beta carotene, 600 mg vitamin C, 300 IU vitamin E, and 75 mcg selenium) or placebo for 5 months.在嚴格控制的研究中，78人被隨機分配，接受每日補充抗氧化劑（45000國際單位β-胡蘿蔔素，維生素C 600毫克，300國際單位的維生素E和75微克硒）或安慰劑5個月。 The results were encouraging: those receiving antioxidants enjoyed significant reduction in platelet stickiness, while those on placebo did not.結果是令人鼓舞的：那些接受抗氧化劑得到顯著降低血小板的粘性，而那些服用安慰劑沒有。
The researchers believe that one way antioxidants prevent platelet stickiness is by reducing hormones in the blood that tend to promote stickiness.研究人員認為，抗氧化劑的一種方法，防止血小板的粘性，是通過減少血液中的激素傾向於促進粘性。
Salonen, JT, et al.薩洛寧，煙草等。 Effects of antioxidant supplementation on platelet function: a randomized pair-marched, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in men with補充抗氧化劑對血小板功能：隨機配對遊行，安慰劑對照，雙盲試驗男子
low antioxidant status.低抗氧化狀態。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991; 53: 1222-1229. 1991，53：1222-1229。
Treatment of Precancerous Lesions with Antioxidants治療癌前病變的抗氧化劑
Oral leukoplakia is characterized by white lesions in the mouth, which may develop into cancer.口腔白斑的特點是白色病變在嘴裡，這可能發展成癌症。 Eighteen patients with oral leukoplakia were evaluated after taking 150,000 IU of beta carotene daily for 9 months. 18例口腔白斑進行評估後，到15.00萬國際單位的β-胡蘿蔔素每天9個月。 At the end of the study, six subjects (33.3%) enjoyed complete regression of lesions, two (11.1%) had partial regression, and three (16.6%) had minimal regression.在研究結束，6科（33.3％）享有完全回歸病變，2（11.1％）有偏回歸，3（16.6％）有輕微倒退。 However, in six patients (33.3%) the leukoplakia did not improve, and in one (5.5%), it worsened.然而，在6例（33.3％）的白斑沒有改善，在一個（5.5％），它惡化。 Those who did not respond favorably were strongly associated with smoking and alcohol habits, which may have canceled the benefits of therapy.這些誰沒有強烈作出積極回應與吸煙和喝酒的習慣，這可能已取消的好處治療。 Overall, the authors of the study believe that beta carotene is fairly effective in preventing oral leukoplakia from developing into cancer, and more clinical studies are warranted.總體而言，作者研究認為，β-胡蘿蔔素是相當有效預防口腔白斑的發展成為癌症，多的臨床研究是必要的。
Toma, S. et al.托馬，美國等。 Treatment of oral leukoplakia with beta carotene.治療口腔白斑的β-胡蘿蔔素。 Oncolqqy. Oncolqqy。 49:77-81, 1992. 49:77-81，1992。
High Levels of Antioxidants Reduce Lung Cancer Risk高水平的抗氧化劑降低肺癌風險
A study at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health involved 99 people who were subsequently found to have lung cancer and 196 healthy controls who were carefully matched.一項研究在約翰霍普金斯大學衛生和公共健康涉及99人誰後來發現肺癌患者和196名健康對照誰是密切配合。 The researchers discovered strong relationships between the level of antioxidants in the blood and the risk of lung cancer.研究人員發現之間的關係是強有力的抗氧化劑水平的血液和肺癌的風險。
For instance, persons with very low vitamin E blood levels had 2.5 times higher risk of lung cancer than those with high vitamin E blood levels.例如，人非常低的血液中維生素E有2.5倍，患肺癌的風險比那些血液中維生素E高的水平。 Low beta carotene blood levels also significantly increased lung cancer risk.低貝塔胡蘿蔔素的血液水平也顯著增加患肺癌的風險。
The researchers conclude, "These data support an association between low levels of scrum vitamin E and the risk of any type of lung cancer and between low levels of serum beta carotene and the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung,"研究人員得出結論：“這些數據支持水平低之間的關聯Scrum的維生素E和風險任何類型的肺癌與低水平血清β-胡蘿蔔素和風險的鱗狀細胞癌肺”
Menkes, MS, et al.門克斯，碩士等。 Serum beta carotene, vitamins C and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer.血清β-胡蘿蔔素，維生素C和E，硒，以及肺癌的風險。 New England Journal of Medicine.新英格蘭醫學雜誌。 1986; 315:1250-1254. 1986; 315:1250-1254。
Antioxidants for Multiple Sclerosis抗氧化劑對多發性硬化症
Multiple sclerosis patients may be deficient in antioxidant nutrients.多發性硬化症患者可能缺乏足夠的抗氧化營養素。
In a study conducted at the Institute of Hygiene in Aarhus, Denmark, subjects with multiple sclerosis received antioxidant supplements containing 6 mg of sodium selenite, 2000 mg of vitamin C, and 480 mg of vitamin E.進行的一項研究在衛生研究所在丹麥奧爾胡斯，學科與多發性硬化症的補充抗氧化劑收到含有6毫克亞硒酸鈉，2000毫克的維生素C和480毫克維生素E
After 5 weeks, the levels of a vital antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, increased fivefold. 5週後，水平的重要抗氧化酶，穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶，增加了五倍。 This increase allowed body tissues and muscles to better handle degenerative factors, including free-radicals, which affect muscle and nerve function.這一增長使身體組織和肌肉，以更好地處理變性因素，其中包括免費的自由基，影響肌肉和神經功能。
The researchers conclude that those with multiple sclerosis are deficient in antioxidant enzymes and nutrients, but respond favorably to antioxidant supplementation.研究人員得出結論，那些與多發性硬化症有缺陷的抗氧化酶和養分，但作出積極回應抗氧化劑的補充。
Mai, J., et al.清邁，J.，等。 High dose antioxidant supplementation to MS patients.高劑量抗氧化劑的補充，以多發性硬化症患者。 Biological Trace Element Research.生物微量元素研究。 1990; 24: 109. 1990，24：109。
Antioxidants Help Prevent Cataracts抗氧化劑幫助預防白內障
One hundred seventy-five cataract patients were individually matched with 175 cataract-free subjects in a study at the University of Western Ontario. 100 75白內障患者單獨再配上175白內障免費的學科研究在西安大略大學。 Everyone in the study filled out a questionnaire on vitamin supplement intake.每個人都在研究中填寫了一個問卷補充維生素的攝取量。 Investigators analyzed the results and discovered that the cataract-free group consumed more vitamin E and vitamin C than did the cataract group.研究人員分析的結果和發現的白內障，自由群消耗更多的維生素E和維生素C比他的白內障組。 This study demonstrated that those who took antioxidant supplements enjoyed a 50% reduction in cataract incidence.這項研究表明，那些誰得到了補充抗氧化劑的50％減少白內障的發生率。
Another study confirmed that antioxidants may help prevent cataracts.另一項研究證實，抗氧化劑，可能有助於預防白內障。 Researchers at the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University measured blood antioxidant levels in cataract patients and found these patients to be particularly low in beta carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Moreover, those who ate less than 3.5 servings of fruits and vegetables (which are naturally rich in antioxidant nutrients) per day had all increased risk of cataracts.研究人員在美國農業部人類營養研究中心在老齡塔夫茨大學測量血液中抗氧化劑水平的白內障患者，發現這些病人要特別低β-胡蘿蔔素，維生素C和維生素E此外，這些誰吃少於3.5份水果和蔬菜（這是自然豐富的抗氧化營養素），每天所有的風險增加了白內障。
These studies support the theory that free-radical damage in the eye plays a major role in cataract formation.這些研究支持理論自由基損傷眼睛起著重要的作用，在白內障的形成。 Antioxidant supplementation may stop this process from beginning and continuing.補充抗氧化劑可能會停止這一進程的開始和繼續。
Robertson, JM, et al.羅伯遜，JM，等。 A possible role of vitamins C and E in cataract prevention.一種可能的作用的維生素C和E在預防白內障。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991; 53:346S-351S. 1991; 53:346第S - 351S。
Jacques PF, et al.雅克公積金等。 Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention.流行病學證據表明，抗氧化作用的維生素和類胡蘿蔔素在預防白內障。 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991; 53:352S-355S. 1991; 53:352第S - 355S。
Antioxidants Delay Progression of Parkinson's Disease抗氧化劑延遲進展帕金森病
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and loss of movement and reflexes.帕金森氏病是一種神經症特點是震顫，僵硬，喪失運動和反射。 Although the cause is unknown, a group of medical scientists suggest that brain cells produce excessive toxins, including free-radicals, which damage the cells.雖然原因不明，一組科學家們的建議，腦細胞產生過量的毒素，包括免費自由基，是破壞細胞。 Thus, the progression of Parkinson's disease may be slowed with antioxidant supplementation.因此，進展帕金森氏症可能與抗氧化劑的補充速度。
Researchers at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Neurological Institute of New York gave one group of patients with early Parkinson's disease 3200 IU of vitamin E and 3000 mg of vitamin C per day.研究人員在哥倫比亞大學內外科醫生和神經學研究所的紐約給一組病人的早期帕金森氏病3200國際單位的維生素E和3000毫克維生素C的每一天。 These patients avoided traditional medication 2.5 years longer than those who were not given antioxidant supplements.這些患者避免了傳統的藥物治療2.5年時間，比一般誰沒有得到補充抗氧化劑。
The results suggest that high doses of antioxidant vitamins C and E slow the progression of the disease, possibly by preventing the buildup of free-radicals and other toxins that damage nerve cells.結果表明，高劑量的抗氧化維生素C和E的進展緩慢的疾病，可能通過防止建設自由自由基和其他毒素，破壞神經細胞。
Fahn, S. An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson's disease.法恩，第一個公開審判的高劑量抗氧化劑早期帕金森氏症。
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.美國臨床營養學雜誌。 1991 53:380S-382S. 1991 53:380第S - 382S。
Beyond Free, Radicals除了免費，自由基
Lest anyone start a crusade against free-radicals, recall their importance in producing energy and hormones, fighting infectious agents, and regulating important enzymes in the body.為了避免有人開始討伐自由自由基，回憶起他們在生產能源的重要性和激素，戰鬥傳染因子，調節酶的重要機構。 They are not "evil."他們不是“惡”。 On the contrary, without them, life would be impossible.相反，沒有他們，就無法生活。 Only when free-radicals become excessive and uncontrolled can they potentially damage the body.只有在自由自由基變得過度和無控制，才能有可能損害身體。
The antioxidants are vital defenders against excessive free-radical attack.抗氧化劑是至關重要的捍衛者免受過量自由基的攻擊。 The role of proper nutrition in preventing disease is becoming clearer.在適當的營養作用，在預防疾病越來越清楚了。 Once dismissed by medical authorities as minor players in maintaining health, vitamins and minerals are beginning to be used to treat a wide variety of serious ailments.一旦駁回的醫療機關小球員保持健康，維生素和礦物質開始被用於治療多種嚴重的疾病。 As the role of antioxidants in combating free-radical damage becomes clearer, we will hopefully be able to learn how to effectively treat diseases which have plagued us for ages.作為抗氧化劑的作用在打擊自由基損傷變得明朗後，我們將希望能學習如何有效地治療疾病一直困擾我們的年齡。
A revolution in the concept of treating disease may soon occur.一場革命，在治療疾病的概念可能很快發生。 Some have already named it the "Nutriceutical Revolution," because it will help displace the dependence upon toxic drugs in treating disease.有些人已經將它命名為“Nutriceutical革命”，因為這將有助於取代的依賴毒性藥品在治療疾病。 Instead, physicians will turn to natural, safe substances, such as the nutrients beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and other wholesome substances.相反，醫生將轉向天然，安全的物質，如β-胡蘿蔔素的營養物質，維生素C，維生素E，硒，和其他健康的物質。 Already, the revolution seems to have begun, thanks to the growing body of objective scientific evidence to substantiate the effectiveness of such therapies.至今為止，革命似乎已經開始，由於不斷增長的機構，客觀的科學證據證明這種療法的有效性。
Yet, just as no miracle drug will ever cure all the diseases known to humankind, so no miracle nutrient will.然而，正如任何靈丹妙藥都不會治愈所有的疾病，人類已知的，因此沒有營養的奇蹟。 If any lesson should be learned, it is that health depends upon much more than a simple formula.如果任何政府應汲取經驗，那就是健康，取決於不僅僅是一個簡單的公式。 Antioxidant supplementation may help to provide many healthy benefits, but it will never replace health-supportive diets and lifestyles.補充抗氧化劑可以幫助提供許多健康的好處，但它永遠不會取代健康的飲食和生活方式的支持。
Finally, the free-radical theory of disease, though taking into account much current scientific evidence, is only one theory which tries to explain the nature of disease.最後，自由基理論的疾病，但考慮到目前許多科學證據，只有一個理論，試圖解釋疾病的性質。 It is a good theory but may be replaced by better theories in the future.這是一個很好的理論，但可能會更好的理論所取代，在未來。 Nutritional science, like all other sciences, is ever growing and seeking better ways to describe the complicated and even miraculous processes of life.營養科學，象所有其他科學，不斷增加和尋求更好的方法來描述複雜的過程，甚至生命的奇蹟。 This is certainly a worthy goal, which demands resources, patience, and hard work.這當然是一個值得追求的目標，這就需要資源，耐心和努力工作。 The benefits may far outweigh the costs, though, as we are beginning to realize with the use of antioxidants.的好處可能遠遠超過其成本，不過，我們開始認識到與使用抗氧化劑。
Appendix A附錄A
In More Detail更詳細
(1) A good cell molecule is affected by body processes or environmental factors and becomes (2) a free-radical. （1）良好的細胞分子是受身體機能或環境因素，並成為（2）自由基。 This reacts with (3) oxygen to form (4) a peroxidized free-radical, which attacks (5) another good cell molecule.這種反應與（3）氧形成（4）過氧化自由基，而攻擊（5）另一個很好的細胞分子。 The results are (6) a damaged cell molecule and (7) another free-radical.結果（6）損壞的細胞分子和（7）其他自由基。 The new free-radical begins the process again unless (8) an antioxidant is present to restore the free-radical back into (9) a good cell molecule.新的自由基開始的進程再次，除非（8）一種抗氧化劑，是目前恢復自由基回（9）良好的細胞分子。 The antioxidant becomes (10) deactivated and is either excreted, or in certain cases, reactivated.抗氧化成為（10）停用，要么是排出，或在某些情況下，重新啟動。
Appendix B附錄B
Damage Caused by Free Radicals造成的破壞自由基
Radical自由基
Sources來源
Damage損傷
Superoxide超
Body's natural processes身體的自然過程
Red blood cell damage紅血細胞損傷
Lung damage肺損傷
Degradation of synovial fluid, possibly leading to arthritis滑液退化，可能導致關節炎
Hydroxyl radical羥自由基
Radiation body processes輻射機構進程
Genetic mutation基因突變
Cell membrane destruction細胞膜破壞
Nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮
Cigarette smoke香煙煙霧
Vehicle exhaust汽車尾氣
Irreversible lung damage不可逆的肺損害
Cell membrane destruction細胞膜破壞
Chloroform radical氯仿激進
Chloroform氯仿
Liver damage肝損害
Cell membrane destruction細胞膜破壞
Quione radicals Quione自由基
Cigarette tar捲菸焦油
Genetic mutation基因突變
Chemical cancer inducer化學誘導癌症
Bipyridyl radicals吡啶自由基
Herbicides除草劑
Inhibits biochemical processes抑制生化過程
Cataract formation白內障的形成
Appendix C附錄C
Major Antioxidant Nutrients Used Clinically抗氧化營養素的主要臨床應用
Antioxidant抗氧化劑
Principal Roles主要作用
Typical Dosages典型的劑量
Beta carotene (provitamin A) β-胡蘿蔔素（維生素A原）
Quench singlet oxygen淬火單線態氧
Scavenges free-radicals清理海上自由自由基
Reduces cancer risk降低癌症風險
10,000-50,000 IU 10,000-50,000國際單位
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)維生素C（抗壞血酸）
Works in bloodstream and other watery areas工程於血液和其他水樣區
Regenerates vitamin E維生素E再生
Enhances immune system增強免疫系統
Antibacterial抗菌
Antiviral抗病毒
250-2000 mg 250-2000毫克
Vitamin E維生素E
(alpha tocoplicrol) （αtocoplicrol）
Protects cell membrane保護細胞膜
Works in blood工程血
Protects vitamin A and selenium保護維生素A和硒
Protects from smog and smoke保護的煙霧，煙霧
200-800 IU 200-800國際單位
Selenium硒
Essential part of glutathione peroxidase的重要組成部分的穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶
Acts in concert with vitamin E行為協同維生素E
Protects against cancer可抵禦癌症
50-200 mcg 50-200微克
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